In southern China, climate warming threatens rice production in double rice cropping systems. However, the actual responses of grain yield and quality of high-quality indica rice to climate warming in double rice cropping systems are still unclear. Therefore, a 2-year field post-anthesis warming experiment was conducted by using two high-quality indica rice cultivars (e.g., Qiliangyou2012, early rice; Taiyou398, late rice). The results showed that post-anthesis warming (PAW) increased the rice canopy daily mean temperatures from heading to maturity by an average of 1.9 °C and 2.0 °C over the two years in the early and late rice seasons, respectively. The grain yield, filled grain percentage, and grain weight were not affected by PAW for either early or late rice in the two years. For early rice, PAW decreased the head rice rate and setback, whereas it increased the chalky grain rate, chalkiness, peak viscosity, breakdown, pasting temperature, protein and most amino acid contents. Similarly, the head rice rate, amylose content, and setback of late rice were decreased, whereas the chalky grain rate, chalkiness, peak viscosity, breakdown, protein and most amino acid contents were increased under PAW conditions. These results suggested that PAW worsened the grain milling and appearance qualities and improved the rice eating and nutritional qualities for both early and late rice, while it reduced the cooking quality of early rice. This study provides new insight into improving the grain yield and quality of high-quality indica rice in a double rice cropping system under future climate warming conditions.