People from different cultural backgrounds vary in how they define, perceive, and react to violations of relational boundaries. Muslim cultures are diverse and include nearly one in four people in the world, yet research on their relational and moral norms is scarce. We contribute to narrowing this gap by studying gheirat, a moral-emotional experience ubiquitous in Muslim Middle Eastern cultures. In four mixed-methods studies, we study how gheirat is experienced, what situations elicit it, and its social functions among Iranian adults (N = 1,107) using qualitative interviews, scenario- and prototype-based surveys, and an experiment. The prototypical experience of gheirat consisted of diverse appraisals (including sense of responsibility, insecurity, and low self-worth) and emotional components (including hostility, social fears, and low empowerment). We identified three types of relational violations that elicit gheirat: harm or insult to namoos (people and self-relevant entities one is obliged to protect), romantic betrayal by namoos, and intrusions by a third person. Each violation type led to a distinct variant of the prototype. Contrary to folk theories of gheirat, we did not find support for the idea that gheirat is a predominantly male experience. However, an experiment on the signaling effects of gheirat revealed that gheirat expressors are ascribed both positive and negative traits, but positive traits prevail for men and negative traits prevail for women. We discuss how the results contribute to a better understanding of Iranian social life and intercultural contact, as well as the implications for theories of emotion and the cultural logic of honor. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).

中文翻译：

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Gheirat 作为对违反关系边界的复杂情绪反应：混合方法调查。

来自不同文化背景的人在定义、感知和应对违反关系边界的行为方面各不相同。穆斯林文化是多种多样的，包括世界上近四分之一的人口，但对其关系和道德规范的研究却很少。我们通过研究 gheirat 来缩小这种差距，gheirat 是穆斯林中东文化中普遍存在的一种道德情感体验。在四项混合方法研究中，我们使用定性访谈、基于场景和原型的调查以及一项实验，研究了 gheirat 的体验方式、引发它的情况以及它在伊朗成年人 (N = 1,107) 中的社会功能。gheirat 的原型体验包括不同的评价（包括责任感、不安全感和低自我价值感）和情绪成分（包括敌意、社交恐惧、和低授权）。我们确定了引发 gheirat 的三种关系违规行为：伤害或侮辱 namoos（有义务保护的人和自相关实体）、namoos 的浪漫背叛以及第三方的入侵。每种违规类型都会导致原型的不同变体。与 gheirat 的民间理论相反，我们没有找到支持 gheirat 主要是男性经历的观点的支持。然而，一项关于 gheirat 信号效应的实验表明，gheirat 表达者被归因于积极和消极的特征，但男性占优势，女性占优势。我们讨论了结果如何有助于更好地理解伊朗社会生活和跨文化接触，以及对情感理论和荣誉文化逻辑的影响。