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Carbon dioxide and particulate emissions from the 2013 Tasmanian firestorm: implications for Australian carbon accounting
Carbon Balance and Management ( IF 3.8 ) Pub Date : 2022-05-26 , DOI: 10.1186/s13021-022-00207-9
Mercy N Ndalila 1 , Grant J Williamson 1 , David M J S Bowman 1
Affiliation  

Uncontrolled wildfires in Australian temperate Eucalyptus forests produce significant smoke emissions, particularly carbon dioxide (CO2) and particulates. Emissions from fires in these ecosystems, however, have received less research attention than the fires in North American conifer forests or frequently burned Australian tropical savannas. Here, we use the 2013 Forcett–Dunalley fire that caused the first recorded pyrocumulonimbus event in Tasmania, to understand CO2 and particulate matter (PM2.5) emissions from a severe Eucalyptus forest fire. We investigate the spatial patterns of the two emissions using a fine scale mapping of vegetation and fire severity (50 m resolution), and utilising available emission factors suitable for Australian vegetation types. We compare the results with coarse-scale (28 km resolution) emissions estimates from Global Fire Emissions Database (GFED) to determine the reliability of the global model in emissions estimation. The fine scale inventory yielded total CO2 emission of 1.125 ± 0.232 Tg and PM2.5 emission of 0.022 ± 0.006 Tg, representing a loss of 56 t CO2 ha−1 and 1 t PM2.5 ha−1. The CO2 emissions were comparable to GFED estimates, but GFED PM2.5 estimates were lower by a factor of three. This study highlights the reliability of GFED for CO2 but not PM2.5 for estimating emissions from Eucalyptus forest fires. Our fine scale and GFED estimates showed that the Forcett–Dunalley fire produced 30% of 2013 fire carbon emissions in Tasmania, and 26–36% of mean annual fire emissions for the State, representing a significant single source of emissions. Our analyses highlight the need for improved PM2.5 emission factors specific to Australian vegetation, and better characterisation of fuel loads, particularly coarse fuel loads, to quantify wildfire particulate and greenhouse gas emissions more accurately. Current Australian carbon accountancy approach of excluding large wildfires from final GHG accounts likely exaggerates Tasmania’s claim to carbon neutrality; we therefore recommend that planned and unplanned emissions are included in the final national and state greenhouse gas accounting to international conventions. Advancing these issues is important given the trajectory of more frequent large fires driven by anthropogenic climate change.

中文翻译:

2013 年塔斯马尼亚大火造成的二氧化碳和颗粒物排放:对澳大利亚碳核算的影响

澳大利亚温带桉树林中不受控制的野火会产生大量烟雾排放,尤其是二氧化碳 (CO2) 和颗粒物。然而,与北美针叶林火灾或经常烧毁澳大利亚热带稀树草原的火灾相比,这些生态系统中火灾产生的排放物受到的研究关注较少。在这里,我们使用 2013 年 Forcett–Dunalley 火灾导致了塔斯马尼亚州首次记录到的焦积雨云事件,以了解严重桉树森林火灾的二氧化碳和颗粒物 (PM2.5) 排放。我们使用植被和火灾严重程度(50 m 分辨率)的精细比例映射,并利用适用于澳大利亚植被类型的可用排放因子来研究两种排放的空间模式。我们将结果与来自全球火灾排放数据库 (GFED) 的粗略(28 公里分辨率)排放估算进行比较,以确定全球模型在排放估算中的可靠性。精细规模清单产生的总 CO2 排放量为 1.125 ± 0.232 Tg,PM2.5 排放量为 0.022 ± 0.006 Tg,代表损失 56 t CO2 ha-1 和 1 t PM2.5 ha-1。二氧化碳排放量与 GFED 估计值相当,但 GFED PM2.5 估计值低了三倍。本研究强调了 GFED 对 CO2 而非 PM2.5 估算桉树森林火灾排放量的可靠性。我们的精细规模和 GFED 估计表明,Forcett-Dunalley 火灾产生了塔斯马尼亚州 2013 年火灾碳排放量的 30%,占该州年平均火灾排放量的 26-36%,是一个重要的单一排放源。我们的分析强调需要改进特定于澳大利亚植被的 PM2.5 排放因子,并更好地表征燃料负荷,特别是粗燃料负荷,以更准确地量化野火颗粒物和温室气体排放。目前澳大利亚的碳核算方法将大型野火从最终温室气体核算中排除,这可能夸大了塔斯马尼亚对碳中和的主张;因此,我们建议将计划内和计划外排放量纳入国际公约的最终国家和州温室气体核算中。鉴于人为气候变化导致更频繁的大火的轨迹,推进这些问题非常重要。更准确地量化野火颗粒物和温室气体排放。目前澳大利亚的碳核算方法将大型野火从最终温室气体核算中排除,这可能夸大了塔斯马尼亚对碳中和的主张;因此,我们建议将计划内和计划外排放量纳入国际公约的最终国家和州温室气体核算中。鉴于人为气候变化导致更频繁的大火的轨迹,推进这些问题非常重要。更准确地量化野火颗粒物和温室气体排放。目前澳大利亚的碳核算方法将大型野火从最终温室气体核算中排除,这可能夸大了塔斯马尼亚对碳中和的主张;因此,我们建议将计划内和计划外排放量纳入国际公约的最终国家和州温室气体核算中。鉴于人为气候变化导致更频繁的大火的轨迹,推进这些问题非常重要。因此,我们建议将计划内和计划外排放量纳入国际公约的最终国家和州温室气体核算中。鉴于人为气候变化导致更频繁的大火的轨迹,推进这些问题非常重要。因此,我们建议将计划内和计划外排放量纳入国际公约的最终国家和州温室气体核算中。鉴于人为气候变化导致更频繁的大火的轨迹,推进这些问题非常重要。
更新日期:2022-05-27
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