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The Archaeological Activities of the Scott-Stevensons in Cyprus, 1878–1883
Bulletin of the History of Archaeology Pub Date : 2020-01-01 , DOI: 10.5334/bha-629
Anna Reeve

The British administration of Cyprus from July 1878 marked the beginning of the end of the ‘mythical age’ of Cypriot archaeology, as it was characterised by the British archaeologist John Linton Myres (1869–1954) (Myres and Ohnefalsch-Richter 1899). Prior to this, Ottoman laws governing the excavation and export of antiquities were in operation, but not always consistently enforced. Some collectors managed to remove huge numbers of objects, most notoriously the Italian-American consul Luigi Palma di Cesnola (1832–1904) whose Cypriot antiquities formed the founding collection of the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, and his brother Alessandro (1839–1914) (Goring 1988; Kiely and Ulbrich 2012; Masson 1992). After the advent of the British administration, the official position was initially to ban private excavation (Myres and Ohnefalsch-Richter 1899: vi), though this ban appears to have been lifted around May 1879 (Stanley-Price 2001: 269). Small-scale exploration was undertaken by the German archaeologist Max Ohnefalsch-Richter, on behalf of museums and private individuals (Stanley-Price 2001, 2018). The first British-led larger scale excavations under the new regime, in 1882, were proposed by Lieutenant Herbert Kitchener (1850–1916), Director of Survey, and supervised by the colonial administrator George Gordon Hake (1847–1903). Funded by the South Kensington Museum rather than the British Museum, they focused on obtaining aesthetically pleasing objects rather than archaeological recording (Bailey 1965; Kiely 2011). The Cyprus Museum, the first national institution for discovering, storing, displaying and studying the island’s antiquities, was founded in 1882, and under the Ottoman Law of Antiquities of 1874 had first claim on one-third of finds excavated through private initiatives, and ownership of all the products of any excavations it sponsored (StanleyPrice 2001: 270). However, it was stymied by lack of funds, affecting its ability to undertake excavations, provide proper facilities for storage and display, and ensure that its dues from private excavations were collected (Myres and Ohnefalsch-Richter 1899: vi). The early years of the British administration were characterised by an unfocused and casual approach to excavating antiquities. For the new administration, grappling with a range of complex issues and hampered by limited funding, proper governance of antiquities was not a high priority. Meanwhile, military and civilian officials posted to Cyprus purchased antiquities from local excavators and collectors and explored its archaeology, considered to be one of the leisure activities afforded by the island, in a spirit of idle enquiry. Spending a limited amount of time on the island – sometimes just a few months – these temporary residents lacked the opportunities of earlier consular collectors and local antiquarians to build up expertise and an appreciation of the island’s history. University of Leeds, GB anna.h.reeve@gmail.com Reeve, A. 2020. The Archaeological Activities of the Scott-Stevensons in Cyprus, 1878–1883. Bulletin of the History of Archaeology, 30(1): 7, pp. 1–13. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5334/bha-629 Bulletin of the History of Archaeology

中文翻译:

1878-1883 年在塞浦路斯的斯科特-史蒂文森家族的考古活动

从 1878 年 7 月开始,塞浦路斯的英国政府标志着塞浦路斯考古学“神话时代”的结束,英国考古学家约翰·林顿·迈尔斯 (John Linton Myres,1869-1954 年) (Myres and Ohnefalsch-Richter 1899) 对塞浦路斯进行了描述。在此之前,管理古物挖掘和出口的奥斯曼帝国法律一直在实施,但并不总是始终如一地执行。一些收藏家设法移走了大量物品,其中最著名的是意大利裔美国领事 Luigi Palma di Cesnola(1832-1904 年),他的塞浦路斯古物构成了纽约大都会艺术博物馆的创始收藏,他的兄弟 Alessandro(1839- 1914 年)(戈林 1988 年;基利和乌尔布里希 2012 年;马森 1992 年)。英国政府上台后,官方立场最初是禁止私人挖掘(Myres 和 Ohnefalsch-Richter 1899:vi),尽管该禁令似乎在 1879 年 5 月左右被解除(Stanley-Price 2001:269)。德国考古学家 Max Ohnefalsch-Richter 代表博物馆和个人进行了小规模探索(Stanley-Price 2001, 2018)。1882 年,在新政权下,英国领导的首次大规模挖掘工作由测量部主任赫伯特·基奇纳中尉(1850-1916 年)提出,并由殖民行政官乔治·戈登·哈克(George Gordon Hake,1847-1903 年)监督。由南肯辛顿博物馆而不是大英博物馆资助,他们专注于获得美观的物品而不是考古记录(Bailey 1965; Kiely 2011)。塞浦路斯博物馆,第一个国家机构发现,存储,展示和研究岛上的古物,成立于 1882 年,根据 1874 年的奥斯曼古物法,首先要求通过私人倡议挖掘出的三分之一的发现,并拥有它赞助的任何挖掘的所有产品(StanleyPrice 2001: 270)。然而,它因缺乏资金而受阻,影响了其进行挖掘、提供适当的存储和展示设施以及确保收集私人挖掘的会费的能力(Myres 和 Ohnefalsch-Richter 1899:vi)。英国政府早期的特点是对古物挖掘采取不集中和随意的方式。对于新一届政府来说,处理一系列复杂问题并受到资金有限的阻碍,妥善治理古物并不是当务之急。同时,驻塞浦路斯的军事和文职官员从当地的挖掘机和收藏家那里购买古物,并以闲散探究的精神探索其考古学,这被认为是该岛提供的休闲活动之一。在岛上呆的时间有限——有时只有几个月——这些临时居民缺乏早期领事收藏家和当地古物学家的机会来积累专业知识和了解岛上的历史。利兹大学,GB anna.h.reeve@gmail.com Reeve, A. 2020。1878-1883 年塞浦路斯斯科特-史蒂文森家族的考古活动。考古史公报,30(1):7,第 1-13 页。DOI:https://doi.org/10.5334/bha-629 考古史公报 被认为是岛上提供的休闲活动之一,本着闲探的精神。在岛上呆的时间有限——有时只有几个月——这些临时居民缺乏早期领事收藏家和当地古物学家的机会来积累专业知识和了解岛上的历史。利兹大学,GB anna.h.reeve@gmail.com Reeve, A. 2020。1878-1883 年塞浦路斯斯科特-史蒂文森家族的考古活动。考古史公报,30(1):7,第 1-13 页。DOI:https://doi.org/10.5334/bha-629 考古史公报 被认为是岛上提供的休闲活动之一,本着闲探的精神。在岛上呆的时间有限——有时只有几个月——这些临时居民缺乏早期领事收藏家和当地古物学家的机会来积累专业知识和了解岛上的历史。利兹大学,GB anna.h.reeve@gmail.com Reeve, A. 2020。1878-1883 年塞浦路斯斯科特-史蒂文森家族的考古活动。考古史公报,30(1):7,第 1-13 页。DOI:https://doi.org/10.5334/bha-629 考古史公报 在岛上呆的时间有限——有时只有几个月——这些临时居民缺乏早期领事收藏家和当地古物学家的机会来积累专业知识和了解岛上的历史。利兹大学,GB anna.h.reeve@gmail.com Reeve, A. 2020。1878-1883 年塞浦路斯斯科特-史蒂文森家族的考古活动。考古史公报,30(1):7,第 1-13 页。DOI:https://doi.org/10.5334/bha-629 考古史公报 在岛上呆的时间有限——有时只有几个月——这些临时居民缺乏早期领事收藏家和当地古物学家的机会来积累专业知识和了解岛上的历史。利兹大学,GB anna.h.reeve@gmail.com Reeve, A. 2020。1878-1883 年塞浦路斯斯科特-史蒂文森家族的考古活动。考古史公报,30(1):7,第 1-13 页。DOI:https://doi.org/10.5334/bha-629 考古史公报
更新日期:2020-01-01
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