The role of contextual-level factors in bullying is still not clear, and evidence is mostly from high-income countries. Our objective was to investigate the association between community violence, disorder, school environment and bullying among school adolescents. We used data from a representative sample of 9th grade Brazilian adolescents (n = 2108) from the Sao Paulo Project for the social development of children and adolescents (SP - PROSO). Multilevel logistic regression models stratified by sex were used to assess the association between variables at student and school/neighbourhood level and bullying victimization or perpetration. For both sexes, we found that adolescents who perceived high violence between students and high school disorder were more likely to be bullies and victims. Boys who perceived high community violence and disorder in their neighbourhood were more likely to be bullies (OR3tertile = 2.73 CI95%: 1.57-4.74). Girls attending schools where the principal reported high community violence and disorder in the neighbourhood (ORhigh = 10.24 CI95%: 2.11-49.59) and inside the school (ORhigh = 6.83 CI95%: 1.48-31.56) were more likely to be bullies. Boys from schools whose principal perceived violence between students were less likely to be victims (ORhigh = 0.35 CI95%: 0.16-0.78) and bullies (ORhigh = 0.21 CI95%: 0.07-0.64). Girls attending schools with signs or posters about tolerance/gender equality and about violence were less (OR = 0.12 CI95%: 0.03-0.50) and more likely (OR = 25.88 CI95%: 4.28-156.63) to report being bullies, respectively. Community violence, disorder and school environment were associated with bullying victimization and perpetration among adolescents. Sex-specific associations should be further investigated. Prevention and management of school violence in adolescence should consider contextual-level characteristics.

中文翻译：

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社区暴力、混乱和学校环境与巴西圣保罗校园青少年欺凌之间的关联。

背景因素在欺凌中的作用尚不清楚，证据主要来自高收入国家。我们的目标是调查社区暴力、混乱、学校环境和校园青少年欺凌之间的关联。我们使用了来自圣保罗儿童和青少年社会发展项目 (SP - PROSO) 的 9 年级巴西青少年代表性样本 (n = 2108) 的数据。按性别分层的多级逻辑回归模型用于评估学生和学校/社区级别的变量与欺凌受害或实施之间的关联。对于男女，我们发现认为学生之间存在高度暴力和高中障碍的青少年更有可能成为欺凌者和受害者。认为社区暴力和混乱程度高的男孩更有可能成为恶霸 (OR3tertile = 2.73 CI95%: 1.57-4.74)。在校长报告附近社区暴力和混乱（ORhigh = 10.24 CI95%：2.11-49.59）和学校内部（ORhigh = 6.83 CI95%：1.48-31.56）的学校上学的女孩更有可能成为恶霸。主要感知到学生之间的暴力行为的学校男孩不太可能成为受害者 (ORhigh = 0.35 CI95%: 0.16-0.78) 和欺凌者 (ORhigh = 0.21 CI95%: 0.07-0.64)。上学时带有关于容忍/性别平等和暴力的标志或海报的女孩分别较少 (OR = 0.12 CI95%: 0.03-0.50) 和更有可能 (OR = 25.88 CI95%: 4.28-156.63) 报告被欺负。社区暴力，混乱和学校环境与青少年欺凌受害和实施有关。应进一步调查特定性别的关联。青少年校园暴力的预防和管理应考虑情境层面的特征。