Objectives

A paradox exists in research on girls and women. On the one hand, they behave in a more egalitarian fashion than their male counterparts. On the other hand, status increases their own and their children’s survival.

Methods

Evidence from non-human primates can help reconcile these findings. In species that do not reside with female kin for life, females are relatively egalitarian and individualistic. They typically do not cooperate or engage in direct competition and exhibit little tolerance for status differentials.

Results and Conclusions

Women follow this pattern. While a husband’s status and her female relatives’ support enhance a woman’s status and reproductive success, her own actions too influence her access to resources and allies. Evidence on girls’ and women’s same-sex competition and quests for status supports the hypothesis that human females inhabit dispersal-egalitarian communities in which competition is avoided, an egalitarian ethos prevails, competitive behavior is disguised, and status differentials are not tolerated.

中文翻译：

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作为分散平等主义物种的人类女性：关于女性和地位的假设

目标

对女孩和妇女的研究存在一个悖论。一方面，她们的行为方式比男性更平等。另一方面，地位增加了他们自己和他们孩子的生存。

方法

来自非人类灵长类动物的证据可以帮助调和这些发现。在不与雌性亲属终生居住的物种中，雌性相对平等和个人主义。他们通常不合作或参与直接竞争，并且对地位差异几乎没有容忍度。

结果和结论

女性遵循这种模式。虽然丈夫的地位和女性亲属的支持提高了女性的地位和生育成功，但她自己的行为也会影响她获得资源和盟友的机会。关于女孩和女性的同性竞争和对地位的追求的证据支持这样一种假设，即人类女性居住在分散的平等主义社区中，在这种社区中，竞争被避免，平等主义精神盛行，竞争行为被伪装，并且不容忍地位差异。