The battery management system (BMS) is the main safeguard of a battery system for electric propulsion and machine electrification. It is tasked to ensure reliable and safe operation of battery cells connected to provide high currents at high voltage levels. In addition to effectively monitoring all the electrical parameters of a battery pack system, such as the voltage, current, and temperature, the BMS is also used to improve the battery performance with proper safety measures within the system. With growing acceptance of lithium-ion batteries, major industry sectors such as the automotive, renewable energy, manufacturing, construction, and even some in the mining industry have brought forward the mass transition from fossil fuel dependency to electric powered machinery and redefined the world of energy storage. Hence, the functional safety considerations, which are those relating to automatic protection, in battery management for battery pack technologies are particularly important to ensure that the overall electrical system, regardless of whether it is for electric transportation or stationary energy storage, is in accordance with high standards of safety, reliability, and quality. If the system or product fails to meet functional and other safety requirements on account of faulty design or a sequence of failure events, then the environment, people, and property could be endangered. This paper analyzed the details of BMS for electric transportation and large-scale energy storage systems, particularly in areas concerned with hazardous environment. The analysis covers the aspect of functional safety that applies to BMS and is in accordance with the relevant industrial standards. A comprehensive evaluation of the components, architecture, risk reduction techniques, and failure mode analysis applicable to BMS operation was also presented. The article further provided recommendations on safety design and performance optimization in relation to the overall BMS integration.

电池管理系统 (BMS) 是用于电力推进和机器电气化的电池系统的主要保障措施。它的任务是确保连接以在高电压水平下提供高电流的电池单元的可靠和安全运行。除了有效监控电池组系统的所有电气参数，如电压、电流和温度，BMS 还用于通过系统内的适当安全措施来提高电池性能。随着对锂离子电池的接受程度越来越高，汽车、可再生能源、制造、建筑等主要行业，甚至采矿业的一些行业，都推动了从依赖化石燃料到电动机械的大规模过渡，并重新定义了锂电池的世界。能源储备。因此，电池组技术的电池管理中与自动保护相关的功能安全考虑对于确保整个电气系统（无论是用于电动运输还是固定式储能）符合高标准尤为重要安全性、可靠性和质量。如果系统或产品由于设计错误或一系列故障事件而无法满足功能和其他安全要求，则可能会危及环境、人员和财产。本文分析了 BMS 用于电动交通和大型储能系统的细节，特别是在涉及危险环境的领域。分析涵盖适用于 BMS 的功能安全方面，并符合相关行业标准。还介绍了适用于 BMS 操作的组件、架构、风险降低技术和故障模式分析的综合评估。文章进一步提供了与整体 BMS 集成相关的安全设计和性能优化建议。