In the middle of the nineteenth century, a handful of societies began creating and enforcing impersonal rules, rules that treat everyone the same, on a broad scale. The existing institutional literatures, while appreciating the importance of impersonal rules for the rule of law, have not understood how they contribute to economic and political development through rules that are enforced but not followed: default rules. The conceptual importance of impersonal default rules is drawn out and then applied to better understand both economic and political development in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.

中文翻译：

---

规则、组织和发展的另一种制度方法

在 19 世纪中叶，少数社会开始广泛制定和执行客观规则，即对每个人一视同仁的规则。现有的制度文献虽然认识到非个人规则对法治的重要性，但并未理解它们如何通过强制执行但未遵循的规则（默认规则）促进经济和政治发展。非个人默认规则的概念重要性被引出，然后用于更好地理解 19 世纪末和 20 世纪初的经济和政治发展。