The dependence on fossil fuels has caused excessive emissions of greenhouse gases (GHGs), leading to climate changes and global warming. Even though the expansion of electricity generation will enable a wider use of electric vehicles, biotechnology represents an attractive route for producing high-density liquid transportation fuels that can reduce GHG emissions from jets, long-haul trucks and ships. Furthermore, to achieve immediate alleviation of the current environmental situation, besides reducing carbon footprint it is urgent to develop technologies that transform atmospheric CO₂ into fossil fuel replacements. The integration of bio-catalysis and electrocatalysis (bio-electrocatalysis) provides such a promising avenue to convert CO₂ into fuels and chemicals with high-chain lengths. Following an overview of different mechanisms that can be used for CO₂ fixation, we will discuss crucial factors for electrocatalysis with a special highlight on the improvement of electron-transfer kinetics, multi-dimensional electrocatalysts and their hybrids, electrolyser configurations, and the integration of electrocatalysis and bio-catalysis. Finally, we prospect key advantages and challenges of bio-electrocatalysis, and end with a discussion of future research directions.

中文翻译：

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生物催化和电催化相结合，利用二氧化碳生产燃料和化学品

对化石燃料的依赖导致温室气体（GHG）的过度排放，导致气候变化和全球变暖。尽管发电的扩大将使电动汽车得到更广泛的使用，但生物技术是生产高密度液体运输燃料的一种有吸引力的途径，可以减少喷气式飞机、长途卡车和轮船的温室气体排放。此外，为了立即缓解当前的环境状况，除了减少碳足迹之外，迫切需要开发将大气中的 CO ₂转化为化石燃料替代品的技术。生物催化和电催化（bio-electrocatalysis）的整合为转化CO _{2提供了这样一个有希望的途径}进入具有高链长的燃料和化学品。在概述可用于固定 CO ₂的不同机制之后，我们将讨论电催化的关键因素，特别强调电子转移动力学的改进、多维电催化剂及其杂化物、电解槽配置以及集成电催化和生物催化。最后，我们展望了生物电催化的主要优势和挑战，并讨论了未来的研究方向。