It is more than sixty years since the era of modern photodynamic therapy (PDT) for cancer began. Enhanced selectivity for malignant cells with a reduced selectivity for non-malignant cells and good biocompatibility along with the limited occurrence of side effects are considered to be the most significant advantages of PDT in comparison with conventional therapeutic approaches, e.g., chemotherapy. The phenomenon of multidrug resistance, which is associated with drug efflux transporters, was originally identified in relation to the application of chemotherapy. Unfortunately, over the last thirty years, numerous papers have shown that many photosensitizers are the substrates of efflux transporters, significantly restricting the effectiveness of PDT. The concept of a dynamic nanoplatform offers a possible solution to minimize the multidrug resistance effect in cells affected by PDT. Indeed, recent findings have shown that the utilization of nanoparticles could significantly enhance the therapeutic efficacy of PDT. Additionally, multifunctional nanoplatforms could induce the synergistic effect of combined treatment regimens, such as PDT with chemotherapy. Moreover, the surface modifications that are associated with nanoparticle functionalization significantly improve the target potential of PDT or chemo-PDT in multidrug resistant and cancer stem cells.

中文翻译：

---

多功能纳米平台作为光动力疗法和化学疗法的一种新的有效方法，以克服癌症的多药耐药性

现代光动力疗法 (PDT) 治疗癌症的时代开始至今已有 60 多年。与常规治疗方法（例如化学疗法）相比，增强了对恶性细胞的选择性、降低了对非恶性细胞的选择性、良好的生物相容性以及有限的副作用发生率被认为是 PDT 最显着的优势。与药物外排转运蛋白相关的多药耐药现象最初与化疗的应用有关。不幸的是，在过去的 30 年中，大量论文表明，许多光敏剂是外排转运蛋白的底物，极大地限制了 PDT 的有效性。动态纳米平台的概念提供了一种可能的解决方案，以最大限度地减少受 PDT 影响的细胞中的多药耐药效应。事实上，最近的研究结果表明，纳米粒子的利用可以显着提高 PDT 的治疗效果。此外，多功能纳米平台可以诱导联合治疗方案的协同效应，例如 PDT 与化疗。此外，与纳米颗粒功能化相关的表面修饰显着提高了 PDT 或化学-PDT 在耐多药和癌症干细胞中的靶向潜力。多功能纳米平台可以诱导联合治疗方案的协同效应，例如 PDT 与化疗。此外，与纳米颗粒功能化相关的表面修饰显着提高了 PDT 或化学-PDT 在耐多药和癌症干细胞中的靶向潜力。多功能纳米平台可以诱导联合治疗方案的协同效应，例如 PDT 与化疗。此外，与纳米颗粒功能化相关的表面修饰显着提高了 PDT 或化学-PDT 在耐多药和癌症干细胞中的靶向潜力。