Organic farming supports higher biodiversity than conventional farming, but at the cost of lower yields. We conducted a meta-analysis quantifying the trade-off between biodiversity and yield, comparing conventional and organic farming. We developed a compatibility index to assess whether biodiversity gains from organic farming exceed yield losses, and a substitution index to assess whether organic farming would increase biodiversity in an area if maintaining total production under organic farming would require cultivating more land at the expense of nature. Overall, organic farming had 23% gain in biodiversity with a similar cost of yield decline. Biodiversity gain is negatively correlated to yield loss for microbes and plants, but no correlation was found for other taxa. The biodiversity and yield trade-off varies under different contexts of organic farming. The overall compatibility index value was close to zero, with negative values for cereal crops, positive for non-cereal crops, and varies across taxa. Our results indicate that, on average, the proportion of biodiversity gain is similar to the proportion of yield loss for paired field studies. For some taxa in non-cereal crops, switching to organic farming can lead to a biodiversity gain without yield loss. We calculated the overall value of substitution index and further discussed the application of this index to evaluate when the biodiversity of less intensified farming system is advantageous.

中文翻译：

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有机农业的生物多样性和产量权衡

有机农业比传统农业支持更高的生物多样性，但代价是产量较低。我们进行了一项元分析，量化了生物多样性和产量之间的权衡，比较了传统农业和有机农业。我们开发了一个相容性指数来评估有机农业的生物多样性收益是否超过产量损失，以及一个替代指数来评估有机农业是否会增加一个地区的生物多样性，如果在有机农业下维持总产量需要以牺牲自然为代价耕种更多土地。总体而言，有机农业在生物多样性方面增加了 23%，但产量下降的成本相似。生物多样性增益与微生物和植物的产量损失呈负相关，但未发现其他分类群的相关性。生物多样性和产量的权衡在有机农业的不同背景下有所不同。总体相容性指数值接近于零，谷类作物为负值，非谷类作物为正值，并且因分类群而异。我们的结果表明，平均而言，生物多样性增加的比例与配对田间研究的产量损失比例相似。对于非谷物作物中的一些分类群，转向有机农业可以在不损失产量的情况下增加生物多样性。我们计算了替代指数的总体值，并进一步讨论了该指数在评估低集约化耕作系统的生物多样性何时具有优势时的应用。我们的结果表明，平均而言，生物多样性增加的比例与配对田间研究的产量损失比例相似。对于非谷物作物中的一些分类群，转向有机农业可以在不损失产量的情况下增加生物多样性。我们计算了替代指数的总体值，并进一步讨论了该指数在评估低集约化耕作系统的生物多样性何时具有优势时的应用。我们的结果表明，平均而言，生物多样性增加的比例与配对田间研究的产量损失比例相似。对于非谷物作物中的一些分类群，转向有机农业可以在不损失产量的情况下增加生物多样性。我们计算了替代指数的总体值，并进一步讨论了该指数在评估低集约化耕作系统的生物多样性何时具有优势时的应用。