Ostracism—being ignored and excluded—has received considerable experimental research attention over the last 25 years. Ostracism signals social separation, isolation, and loss, and responses vary across time. Ostracism episodes as short as 2 min result in physiological pain responses, need threat, and emotional distress, followed by cognitive, emotional, motivational, and behavioral responses that either increase the likelihood of subsequent inclusion (at the cost of being socially pliable), or ensure further ostracism through aggression or solitude. Longer-term ostracism leads to resignation, accompanied by alienation, depression, helplessness, and feelings of unworthiness of attention by others. This review focuses on current research on factors that prolong the isolation and loss associated with ostracism, and on interventions that may speed recovery.

在过去的 25 年里，被忽视和排斥的排斥现象受到了相当多的实验研究关注。排斥标志着社会分离、孤立和丧失，并且反应随时间而变化。短至 2 分钟的排斥发作会导致生理上的疼痛反应、需求威胁和情绪困扰，然后是认知、情绪、动机和行为反应，这些反应要么增加后续包容的可能性（以社会顺从为代价），要么通过侵略或孤独确保进一步的排斥。长期的排斥导致顺从，伴随着疏离、抑郁、无助和不值得他人关注的感觉。这篇综述着重于当前关于延长与排斥相关的孤立和丧失的因素的研究，