Diabetes mellitus is characterized by having a disorder of glucose metabolism. The types of diabetes mellitus include type 1 diabetes mellitus, type 2 diabetes mellitus, gestational diabetes mellitus, and other specific types of diabetes mellitus. Many risk factors contribute to diabetes mellitus mainly including genetics, environment, obesity, and diet. In the recent years, gut microbiota has been shown to be linked to the development of diabetes. It has been reported that the gut microbiota composition of diabetic patients is different from that of healthy people. Although the mechanism behind the abnormality remains to be explored, most hypotheses focus on the inflammation response and leaky gut in relation to the changes in production of endotoxins and metabolites derived from the intestinal flora. Consequently, the above-mentioned abnormalities trigger a series of metabolic changes, gradually leading to development of hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, and diabetes. This review is (i) to summarize the differences in gut microbiota between diabetic patients and healthy people, (ii) to discuss the underlying mechanism(s) by which how lipopolysaccharide, diet, and metabolites of the gut microbiota affect diabetes, and (iii) to provide a new insight in the prevention and treatment of diabetes.

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肠道微生物群的代谢物及其在糖尿病发展中的可能意义

糖尿病的特征是葡萄糖代谢紊乱。糖尿病的类型包括1型糖尿病、2型糖尿病、妊娠糖尿病和其他特定类型的糖尿病。许多危险因素导致糖尿病，主要包括遗传、环境、肥胖和饮食。近年来，肠道微生物群已被证明与糖尿病的发展有关。据报道，糖尿病患者的肠道菌群组成与健康人不同。尽管异常背后的机制仍有待探索，但大多数假设集中在与肠道菌群产生的内毒素和代谢物的变化相关的炎症反应和肠道渗漏。最后，上述异常引发一系列代谢变化，逐渐导致高血糖、胰岛素抵抗和糖尿病的发展。本综述旨在 (i) 总结糖尿病患者和健康人肠道菌群的差异，(ii) 讨论肠道菌群的脂多糖、饮食和代谢物如何影响糖尿病的潜在机制，以及 (iii) ) 为糖尿病的预防和治疗提供新的见解。