The lungs are constantly exposed to inhaled debris, allergens, pollutants, commensal or pathogenic microorganisms, and respiratory viruses. As a result, innate and adaptive immune responses in the respiratory tract are tightly regulated and are in continual flux between states of enhanced pathogen clearance, immune-modulation, and tissue repair. New single-cell-sequencing techniques are expanding our knowledge of airway cellular complexity and the nuanced connections between structural and immune cell compartments. Understanding these varied interactions is critical in treatment of human pulmonary disease and infections and in next-generation vaccine design. Here, we review the innate and adaptive immune responses in the lung and airways following infection and vaccination, with particular focus on influenza virus and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The ongoing SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has put pulmonary research firmly into the global spotlight, challenging previously held notions of respiratory immunity and helping identify new populations at high risk for respiratory distress.

肺部经常暴露于吸入的碎片、过敏原、污染物、共生或病原微生物以及呼吸道病毒。因此，呼吸道中的先天性和适应性免疫反应受到严格调节，并在增强病原体清除、免疫调节和组织修复的状态之间不断变化。新的单细胞测序技术正在扩展我们对气道细胞复杂性以及结构和免疫细胞区室之间微妙联系的了解。了解这些不同的相互作用对于人类肺部疾病和感染的治疗以及下一代疫苗的设计至关重要。在这里，我们回顾了感染和接种疫苗后肺部和气道的先天性和适应性免疫反应，特别关注流感病毒和严重急性呼吸系统综合症冠状病毒 2 (SARS-CoV-2)。持续的 SARS-CoV-2 大流行使肺部研究牢牢地成为全球关注的焦点，挑战了以前持有的呼吸道免疫概念，并有助于识别呼吸窘迫高风险的新人群。