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Selection for male stamina can help explain costly displays with cost-minimizing female choice
Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology ( IF 2.3 ) Pub Date : 2022-05-07 , DOI: 10.1007/s00265-022-03172-y
Viktor Kovalov , Hanna Kokko

Abstract

In many species, male lifespan is shorter than that of females, often attributed to sexual selection favouring costly expression of traits preferred by females. Coevolutionary models of female preferences and male traits predict that males can be selected to have such life histories; however, this typically requires that females also pay some costs to express their preferences. Here we show that this problem diminishes when we link coevolutionary models of costly mate choice with the idea of stamina. In our model, the most successful males are those who can combine high attendance time on a lek — or, more generally, tenacious effort in their display time budgets — with high viability such that they are not too strongly compromised in terms of lifespan. We find that an opportunistic female strategy, that minimizes its costs by mating with highly visible (displaying) males, often beats other alternatives. It typically resists invasion attempts of genotypes that mate randomly in the population genetic sense, as well as invasion of stricter ways of being choosy (which are potentially costly if choice requires e.g. active rejection of all males who do not presently display, or risky travel to lekking sites). Our model can produce a wide range of male time budgets (display vs. self-maintenance). This includes cases of alternative mating tactics where males in good condition spend much time displaying, while those in poor condition never display yet, importantly, gain some mating success due to females not engaging in rejection behaviours should these be very costly to express.

Significance statement

In many species, males spend much time and energy on displaying to attract females, but it is not always clear what females gain from paying attention to male displays. The tradition in mathematical models attempting to understand the situation is to assume that random mating is the least costly option for females. However, random mating in the population genetic sense requires females to behave in a manner that equalizes mating success between displaying and non-displaying males, and here we point out that this is biologically unlikely. Opportunistically mating females can cause males to spend much of their time budgets displaying and will shorten male lifespans in a quality-dependent manner.



中文翻译:

男性耐力的选择可以帮助解释成本最低的女性选择的昂贵展示

摘要

在许多物种中,雄性的寿命比雌性短,这通常归因于性选择有利于雌性偏好的性状的昂贵表达。女性偏好和男性特征的共同进化模型预测,男性可以被选择拥有这样的生活史;然而,这通常要求女性也需要支付一些费用来表达自己的喜好。在这里,我们表明,当我们将代价高昂的配偶选择的共同进化模型与耐力的概念联系起来时,这个问题就会减少。在我们的模型中,最成功的男性是那些能够将高出勤时间(或者更一般地说,在展示时间预算中的顽强努力)与高生存能力相结合的人,这样他们的寿命不会受到太大影响。我们发现机会主义的女性策略,通过与高度可见(展示)的雄性交配来最大限度地降低成本,通常优于其他选择。它通常会抵制在群体遗传意义上随机交配的基因型的入侵尝试,以及更严格的挑剔方式的入侵(如果选择需要例如主动拒绝所有目前没有表现出的男性,或者冒险前往泄露网站)。我们的模型可以产生广泛的男性时间预算(展示与自我维护)。这包括替代性交配策略的情况,其中状态良好的雄性花费大量时间展示,而那些状况不佳的从未展示过,重要的是,由于雌性不参与拒绝行为而获得一些交配成功,如果这些行为的表达成本非常高。它通常会抵制在群体遗传意义上随机交配的基因型的入侵尝试,以及更严格的挑剔方式的入侵(如果选择需要例如主动拒绝所有目前没有表现出的男性,或者冒险前往泄露网站)。我们的模型可以产生广泛的男性时间预算(展示与自我维护)。这包括替代性交配策略的情况,其中状态良好的雄性花费大量时间展示,而那些状况不佳的从未展示过,重要的是,由于雌性不参与拒绝行为而获得一些交配成功,如果这些行为的表达成本非常高。它通常会抵制在群体遗传意义上随机交配的基因型的入侵尝试,以及更严格的挑剔方式的入侵(如果选择需要例如主动拒绝所有目前没有表现出的男性,或者冒险前往泄露网站)。我们的模型可以产生广泛的男性时间预算(展示与自我维护)。这包括替代性交配策略的情况,其中状态良好的雄性花费大量时间展示,而那些状况不佳的从未展示过,重要的是,由于雌性不参与拒绝行为而获得一些交配成功,如果这些行为的表达成本非常高。以及更严格的挑剔方式的入侵(如果选择需要例如主动拒绝所有目前不展示的男性,或者冒险前往lekking站点,则可能会付出高昂的代价)。我们的模型可以产生广泛的男性时间预算(展示与自我维护)。这包括替代性交配策略的情况,其中状态良好的雄性花费大量时间展示,而那些状况不佳的从未展示过,重要的是,由于雌性不参与拒绝行为而获得一些交配成功,如果这些行为的表达成本非常高。以及更严格的挑剔方式的入侵(如果选择需要例如主动拒绝所有目前不展示的男性,或者冒险前往lekking站点,则可能会付出高昂的代价)。我们的模型可以产生广泛的男性时间预算(展示与自我维护)。这包括替代性交配策略的情况,其中状态良好的雄性花费大量时间展示,而那些状况不佳的从未展示过,重要的是,由于雌性不参与拒绝行为而获得一些交配成功,如果这些行为的表达成本非常高。

意义陈述

在许多物种中,雄性花费大量时间和精力来展示以吸引雌性,但并不总是很清楚雌性从关注雄性展示中获得了什么。试图理解这种情况的数学模型的传统是假设随机交配是女性成本最低的选择。然而,群体遗传意义上的随机交配要求雌性的行为方式使展示和不展示的雄性之间的交配成功相等,在这里我们指出这在生物学上是不可能的。机会性交配的雌性会导致雄性花费大量时间预算来展示,并会以依赖质量的方式缩短雄性的寿命。

更新日期:2022-05-09
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