Plant genetic transformation is a crucial step for applying biotechnology such as genome editing to basic and applied plant science research. Its success primarily relies on the efficiency of gene delivery into plant cells and the ability to regenerate transgenic plants. In this study, we have examined the effect of several developmental regulators (DRs), including PLETHORA (PLT5), WOUND INDUCED DEDIFFERENTIATION 1 (WIND1), ENHANCED SHOOT REGENERATION (ESR1), WUSHEL (WUS) and a fusion of WUS and BABY-BOOM (WUS-P2A-BBM), on in planta transformation through injection of Agrobacterium tumefaciens in snapdragons (Antirrhinum majus). The results showed that PLT5, WIND1 and WUS promoted in planta transformation of snapdragons. An additional test of these three DRs on tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) further demonstrated that the highest in planta transformation efficiency was observed from PLT5. PLT5 promoted calli formation and regeneration of transformed shoots at the wound positions of aerial stems, and the transgene was stably inherited to the next generation in snapdragons. Additionally, PLT5 significantly improved the shoot regeneration and transformation in two Brassica cabbage varieties (Brassica rapa) and promoted the formation of transgenic calli and somatic embryos in sweet pepper (Capsicum annum) through in vitro tissue culture. Despite some morphological alternations, viable seeds were produced from the transgenic Bok choy and snapdragons. Our results have demonstrated that manipulation of PLT5 could be an effective approach for improving in planta and in vitro transformation efficiency, and such a transformation system could be used to facilitate the application of genome editing or other plant biotechnology application in modern agriculture.

中文翻译：

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应用发育调节剂改善植物或植物体外转化

植物遗传转化是将基因组编辑等生物技术应用于基础和应用植物科学研究的关键步骤。它的成功主要依赖于将基因传递到植物细胞中的效率和再生转基因植物的能力。在这项研究中，我们检查了几种发育调节因子 (DR) 的影响，包括PLETHORA (PLT5)、伤口诱导的去分化 1 (WIND1)、增强的射击再生 (ESR1)、WUSHEL (WUS)以及WUS和BABY-的融合BOOM ( WUS-P2A-BBM )，通过注射根癌农杆菌进行植物转化在金鱼草（金鱼草）中。结果表明PLT5、WIND1和WUS促进金鱼草的足底转化。对番茄（ Solanum lycopersicum ）进行的这三种 DR 的附加测试进一步表明，PLT5的植物转化效率最高。PLT5促进气生茎创面处转化芽的愈伤组织形成和再生，该转基因在金鱼草中稳定遗传给下一代。此外，PLT5显着改善了两种植物的枝条再生和转化甘蓝品种（Brassica rapa ），通过体外组织培养促进了甜椒（Capsicum annum ）转基因愈伤组织和体细胞胚的形成。尽管有一些形态上的变化，但从转基因白菜和金鱼草中产生了有活力的种子。我们的研究结果表明，PLT5的操作可能是提高植物和体外转化效率的有效方法，这种转化系统可用于促进基因组编辑或其他植物生物技术在现代农业中的应用。