This study investigates the motivational conditions, self-efficacy beliefs, and practice of classical (symphonic, wind) orchestra/popular (rock, pop) band musicians. It thus complements previous research which has shed light on individual aspects of music learning. In both individual and collective work, high quality practice performed in a sufficient amount of time was shown to be very effortful. A mixed-method approach combined a questionnaire and an additional prototypical case interview for each genre with professional musicians. The results show that classical musicians were younger than popular musicians when they started to learn their first and main music instrument and entered their first orchestra or band. While it was confirmed that individual experience was crucial for the time invested in and the quality of deliberate practice, collective practice experiences were also indicated to be a determinant. Furthermore, individual and collective practice were shown to be interrelated. Professional level was suggested to be a more discriminating factor with regard to the variables studied than genre, as professional musicians from both genres deploy deliberate practice strategies in an individual and in a collective context. Improvisation and jamming, however, only appeared in the popular collective and classical individual practice context.

这项研究调查了古典（交响乐、管乐）管弦乐队/流行（摇滚、流行）乐队音乐家的动机条件、自我效能信念和实践。因此，它补充了先前的研究，这些研究阐明了音乐学习的各个方面。在个人和集体工作中，在足够长的时间内进行的高质量练习被证明是非常费力的。一种混合方法将问卷调查和针对每种流派与专业音乐家进行的额外原型案例访谈相结合。结果表明，古典音乐家在开始学习他们的第一种和主要乐器并进入他们的第一个管弦乐队或乐队时比流行音乐家年轻。虽然已确认个人经验对于投入的时间和刻意练习的质量至关重要，集体实践经验也被认为是一个决定因素。此外，个人和集体实践被证明是相互关联的。就所研究的变量而言，专业水平被认为是一个比流派更具区分性的因素，因为来自这两种流派的专业音乐家在个人和集体环境中都采用了深思熟虑的练习策略。然而，即兴演奏和即兴演奏只出现在流行的集体和古典个人练习语境中。由于这两种流派的专业音乐家在个人和集体环境中部署了深思熟虑的练习策略。然而，即兴演奏和即兴演奏只出现在流行的集体和古典个人练习语境中。由于这两种流派的专业音乐家在个人和集体环境中部署了深思熟虑的练习策略。然而，即兴演奏和即兴演奏只出现在流行的集体和古典个人练习语境中。