Senescent cells express and secrete a variety of extracellular modulators that include cytokines, chemokines, proteases, growth factors and some enzymes associated with ECM remodeling, defined as the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP). SASP reinforces senescent cell cycle arrest, stimulates and recruits immune cells for immune-mediated clearance of potentially tumorigenic cells, limits or induces fibrosis and promotes wound healing and tissue regeneration. On the other hand, SASP mediates chronic inflammation leading to destruction of tissue structure and function and stimulating the growth and survival of tumour cells. SASP is highly heterogeneous and the role of SASP depends on the context. The regulation of SASP occurs at multiple levels including chromatin remodelling, transcription, mRNA translation, intracellular trafficking and secretion. Several SASP modulators have already been identified setting the stage for future research on their clinical applications. In this review, we summarize in detail the potential signalling pathways that trigger and regulate SASP production during ageing and senescence.

中文翻译：

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衰老和衰老过程中衰老相关分泌表型的潜在调节因子

衰老细胞表达和分泌多种细胞外调节剂，包括细胞因子、趋化因子、蛋白酶、生长因子和一些与 ECM 重塑相关的酶，定义为衰老相关分泌表型 (SASP)。SASP 加强衰老细胞周期停滞，刺激和募集免疫细胞以免疫介导清除潜在致瘤细胞，限制或诱导纤维化并促进伤口愈合和组织再生。另一方面，SASP 介导导致组织结构和功能破坏并刺激肿瘤细胞生长和存活的慢性炎症。SASP 是高度异构的，SASP 的作用取决于上下文。SASP 的调控发生在多个层面，包括染色质重塑、转录、mRNA 翻译、细胞内运输和分泌。已经确定了几种 SASP 调节剂，为未来对其临床应用的研究奠定了基础。在这篇综述中，我们详细总结了在衰老和衰老过程中触发和调节 SASP 产生的潜在信号通路。