Evolutionary history and environmental filtering shape the phylogenetic and functional structure of regional assemblages. However, detecting the footprint of such eco-evolutionary drivers is challenging because these may often counter each other's signature. Here, we examined whether a biogeographic deconstruction approach of phylogenetic (PD) and functional diversity (FD) patterns may help in identifying eco-evolutionary signals in extant regional assemblages. As model system, we used forest understorey angiosperms found in three regions of Italy (Alpine, Mediterranean, Continental). We quantified PD and FD of all species inhabiting the three regions (regional assemblages). Then, we computed PD and FD for the subsets of species restricted to each region (biogeographic elements), also examining diversity patterns of species found across the three regions (widespread element). We used aboveground and belowground traits capturing major plant functions to calculate FD. Additionally, we assessed FD patterns decoupled from phylogeny. We found that species restricted to climatically harsh regions (Alpine and Mediterranean elements) were phylogenetically and functionally clustered, whereas widespread species were characterised by overdispersion. Species confined to the climatically intermediate (Continental) region were randomly sorted. By including all species occurring within a region, the patterns found for the region-restricted species blurred. Phylogenetically decoupled FD patterns were qualitatively similar to non-decoupled ones with the exception of the Alpine element, where we detected a clear signature of functional differentiation between closely related species. This suggests that recent speciation events contributed to shaping the Alpine flora. Compared to the belowground compartment, aboveground traits showed a more coherent pattern with that of all-trait FD – likely because most biomass is allocated aboveground in forest understoreys. This biogeographic deconstruction study illustrates which type of eco-evolutionary insights can be gained by implementing multifaceted and integrated approaches at the macroecological scale.

中文翻译：

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系统发育和功能多样性的生物地理学解构提供了对区域组合形成的见解

进化历史和环境过滤塑造了区域组合的系统发育和功能结构。然而，检测这种生态进化驱动因素的足迹具有挑战性，因为它们可能经常相互抵消。在这里，我们研究了系统发育 (PD) 和功能多样性 (FD) 模式的生物地理解构方法是否有助于识别现存区域组合中的生态进化信号。作为模型系统，我们使用了在意大利三个地区（高山、地中海、大陆）发现的森林下层被子植物。我们量化了居住在三个区域（区域组合）的所有物种的 PD 和 FD。然后，我们计算了限制在每个区域（生物地理元素）的物种子集的 PD 和 FD，还检查了三个地区发现的物种的多样性模式（广泛元素）。我们使用捕获主要植物功能的地上和地下特征来计算 FD。此外，我们评估了与系统发育分离的 FD 模式。我们发现仅限于气候恶劣地区（高山和地中海元素）的物种在系统发育和功能上是聚集的，而广泛分布的物种则以过度分散为特征。限制在气候中间（大陆）地区的物种被随机分类。通过包括一个区域内出现的所有物种，为受区域限制的物种发现的模式变得模糊。系统发育解耦的 FD 模式在质量上与非解耦的模式相似，除了 Alpine 元素，我们在其中检测到密切相关物种之间功能分化的明确特征。这表明最近的物种形成事件有助于塑造高山植物群。与地下室相比，地上性状与全性状 FD 表现出更一致的模式——可能是因为大部分生物量分配在森林下层的地上。这项生物地理学解构研究说明了通过在宏观生态尺度上实施多方面和综合的方法可以获得哪种类型的生态进化见解。地上性状与全性状 FD 表现出更一致的模式——可能是因为大部分生物量分配在森林下层的地上。这项生物地理学解构研究说明了通过在宏观生态尺度上实施多方面和综合的方法可以获得哪种类型的生态进化见解。地上性状与全性状 FD 表现出更一致的模式——可能是因为大部分生物量分配在森林下层的地上。这项生物地理学解构研究说明了通过在宏观生态尺度上实施多方面和综合的方法可以获得哪种类型的生态进化见解。