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From the Frying Pan into the Fire? Climate Change, Urbanization and (In)Security in Pacific Island Countries and Territories
Peace Review Pub Date : 2022-05-06 , DOI: 10.1080/10402659.2022.2023425
John R. Campbell 1
Affiliation  

Most Pacific Island Countries and Territories (PICTs) have experienced urban population growth for some time although the rates vary across the region. The drivers have traditionally been economic and social although the role of environmental degradation has been largely overlooked. As the populations of towns and cities have grown in PICTs, urban population densities have increased and available land for expansion has been restricted. Accordingly, many urban migrants live in informal peri urban settlements with little or no land security and limited government services such as sanitation, water supply and electricity. Employment is difficult to find and there are significant amounts of poverty. In this context there are high levels of individual and human insecurity and crimes including violence are often attributed to these problems. In some countries land related violence in urban areas has escalated into major conflicts. More recently climate change has been seen as an additional driver of urbanization and its role is expected to increase, although separating the social, economic and climate change causes is extremely difficult if not impossible. Already some communities have been relocated in several countries and some individual or family migration has been attributed to deteriorating human (land, livelihood, and habitat) security caused by climate change in rural areas. Because in most PICTs there are few alternatives, urban areas are likely to be the destinations for many climate change migrants and urbanization rates can be expected to further increase. Moreover, as options for settlement in peri urban areas lessen and numbers grow, more migrants are likely to find themselves occupying densely populated and increasingly environmentally marginal areas (such as steep and unstable slopes, river flood plains and low-lying coastal areas) that may be as exposed as their original homes. At the same time many of the migrants may be facing increasing social and economic insecurity related to urban living.



中文翻译:

从煎锅到火?太平洋岛国和地区的气候变化、城市化和(内)安全

大多数太平洋岛国和地区 (PICT) 都经历了一段时间的城市人口增长,尽管该地区的增长率有所不同。传统上,驱动因素一直是经济和社会因素,尽管环境退化的作用在很大程度上被忽视了。随着 PICT 中城镇人口的增长,城市人口密度增加,可用于扩张的土地受到限制。因此,许多城市移民生活在非正规的城郊聚居区,土地保障很少或根本没有,卫生、供水和供电等政府服务也很有限。就业难,贫困人口众多。在这种情况下,个人和人类的不安全程度很高,包括暴力在内的犯罪往往归因于这些问题。在一些国家,城市地区与土地有关的暴力已经升级为重大冲突。最近,气候变化被视为城市化的另一个驱动因素,预计其作用将增加,尽管区分社会、经济和气候变化的原因即使不是不可能也极其困难。一些社区已经在几个国家搬迁,一些个人或家庭迁移被归因于农村地区气候变化导致的人类(土地、生计和栖息地)安全恶化。由于在大多数 PICT 中几乎没有其他选择,因此城市地区可能成为许多气候变化移民的目的地,预计城市化率将进一步提高。此外,随着在城市周边地区定居的选择减少和人数增加,更多的移民可能会发现自己居住在人口稠密和环境日益边缘化的地区(如陡峭和不稳定的斜坡、河流泛滥平原和低洼沿海地区),这些地区可能与他们原来的家园一样暴露在外。与此同时,许多移民可能面临与城市生活相关的日益严重的社会和经济不安全感。

更新日期:2022-05-06
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