Lifeforms are regulated by many physicochemical factors, and these factors could be controlled to play a role in the construction of artificial living systems. Among these factors, spatial confinement is an important one, which mediates biological behaviors at multiscale levels and participates in the biomanufacturing processes accordingly. This review describes how spatial confinement, as a fundamental biological phenomenon, provides cues for the construction of artificial living systems. Current knowledge about the role of spatial confinement in mediating individual cell behavior, collective cellular behavior, and tissue-level behavior are categorized. Endeavors on the synthesis of biomacromolecules, artificial cells, engineered tissues, and organoids in spatially confined bioreactors are then emphasized. After that, we discuss the cutting-edge applications of spatially confined artificial living systems in biomedical fields. Finally, we conclude by assessing the remaining challenges and future trends in the context of fundamental science, technical improvement, and practical applications.

中文翻译：

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创造人工生命系统的空间限制

生命形式受许多物理化学因素的调控，这些因素可以被控制在人工生命系统的构建中发挥作用。在这些因素中，空间限制是一个重要的因素，它在多尺度水平上介导生物行为，并相应地参与生物制造过程。这篇综述描述了空间限制作为一种基本的生物学现象如何为人工生命系统的构建提供线索。目前关于空间限制在介导个体细胞行为、集体细胞行为和组织水平行为中的作用的知识被分类。然后强调了在空间受限的生物反应器中合成生物大分子、人造细胞、工程组织和类器官的努力。在那之后，我们讨论了空间受限的人工生命系统在生物医学领域的前沿应用。最后，我们通过评估基础科学、技术改进和实际应用背景下的剩余挑战和未来趋势得出结论。