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Cost-effectiveness of easy-access, risk-informed oral pre-exposure prophylaxis in HIV epidemics in sub-Saharan Africa: a modelling study
The Lancet HIV ( IF 16.1 ) Pub Date : 2022-04-27 , DOI: 10.1016/s2352-3018(22)00029-7
Andrew N Phillips 1 , Anna Bershteyn 2 , Paul Revill 3 , Loveleen Bansi-Matharu 1 , Katharine Kripke 4 , Marie-Claude Boily 5 , Rowan Martin-Hughes 6 , Leigh F Johnson 7 , Zindoga Mukandavire 8 , Lise Jamieson 9 , Gesine Meyer-Rath 10 , Timothy B Hallett 5 , Debra Ten Brink 6 , Sherrie L Kelly 6 , Brooke E Nichols 11 , Eran Bendavid 12 , Edinah Mudimu 13 , Isaac Taramusi 14 , Jennifer Smith 1 , Shona Dalal 15 , Rachel Baggaley 15 , Siobhan Crowley 16 , Fern Terris-Prestholt 17 , Peter Godfrey-Faussett 18 , Irene Mukui 19 , Andreas Jahn 20 , Kelsey K Case 21 , Diane Havlir 22 , Maya Petersen 23 , Moses Kamya 24 , Catherine A Koss 22 , Laura B Balzer 25 , Tsitsi Apollo 26 , Thato Chidarikire 27 , John W Mellors 28 , Urvi M Parikh 28 , Catherine Godfrey 29 , Valentina Cambiano 1 ,
Affiliation  

Background

Approaches that allow easy access to pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP), such as over-the-counter provision at pharmacies, could facilitate risk-informed PrEP use and lead to lower HIV incidence, but their cost-effectiveness is unknown. We aimed to evaluate conditions under which risk-informed PrEP use is cost-effective.

Methods

We applied a mathematical model of HIV transmission to simulate 3000 setting-scenarios reflecting a range of epidemiological characteristics of communities in sub-Saharan Africa. The prevalence of HIV viral load greater than 1000 copies per mL among all adults (HIV positive and negative) varied from 1·1% to 7·4% (90% range). We hypothesised that if PrEP was made easily available without restriction and with education regarding its use, women and men would use PrEP, with sufficient daily adherence, during so-called seasons of risk (ie, periods in which individuals are at risk of acquiring infection). We refer to this as risk-informed PrEP. For each setting-scenario, we considered the situation in mid-2021 and performed a pairwise comparison of the outcomes of two policies: immediate PrEP scale-up and then continuation for 50 years, and no PrEP. We estimated the relationship between epidemic and programme characteristics and cost-effectiveness of PrEP availability to all during seasons of risk. For our base-case analysis, we assumed a 3-monthly PrEP cost of US$29 (drug $11, HIV test $4, and $14 for additional costs necessary to facilitate education and access), a cost-effectiveness threshold of $500 per disability-adjusted life-year (DALY) averted, an annual discount rate of 3%, and a time horizon of 50 years. In sensitivity analyses, we considered a cost-effectiveness threshold of $100 per DALY averted, a discount rate of 7% per annum, the use of PrEP outside of seasons of risk, and reduced uptake of risk-informed PrEP.

Findings

In the context of PrEP scale-up such that 66% (90% range across setting-scenarios 46–81) of HIV-negative people with at least one non-primary condomless sex partner take PrEP in any given period, resulting in 2·6% (0·9–6·0) of all HIV negative adults taking PrEP at any given time, risk-informed PrEP was predicted to reduce HIV incidence by 49% (23–78) over 50 years compared with no PrEP. PrEP was cost-effective in 71% of all setting-scenarios, and cost-effective in 76% of setting-scenarios with prevalence of HIV viral load greater than 1000 copies per mL among all adults higher than 2%. In sensitivity analyses with a $100 per DALY averted cost-effectiveness threshold, a 7% per year discount rate, or with PrEP use that was less well risk-informed than in our base case, PrEP was less likely to be cost-effective, but generally remained cost-effective if the prevalence of HIV viral load greater than 1000 copies per mL among all adults was higher than 3%. In sensitivity analyses based on additional setting-scenarios in which risk-informed PrEP was less extensively used, the HIV incidence reduction was smaller, but the cost-effectiveness of risk-informed PrEP was undiminished.

Interpretation

Under the assumption that making PrEP easily accessible for all adults in sub-Saharan Africa in the context of community education leads to risk-informed use, PrEP is likely to be cost-effective in settings with prevalence of HIV viral load greater than 1000 copies per mL among all adults higher than 2%, suggesting the need for implementation of such approaches, with ongoing evaluation.

Funding

US Agency for International Development, US President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief, and Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.



中文翻译:

在撒哈拉以南非洲的 HIV 流行病中,易于获得、风险知情的口服暴露前预防的成本效益:一项模型研究

背景

允许轻松获得暴露前预防 (PrEP) 的方法,例如药店的非处方药,可以促进风险知情 PrEP 的使用并降低 HIV 发病率,但其成本效益尚不清楚。我们旨在评估风险知情 PrEP 使用具有成本效益的条件。

方法

我们应用了 HIV 传播的数学模型来模拟 3000 个反映撒哈拉以南非洲社区一系列流行病学特征的场景。在所有成人(HIV 阳性和阴性)中,HIV 病毒载量大于 1000 拷贝/mL 的患病率从 1·1% 到 7·4%(90% 范围)不等。我们假设,如果 PrEP 可以不受限制地轻松获得,并对其使用进行教育,那么女性和男性将在所谓的风险季节(即个人有感染风险的时期)使用 PrEP,并且每天坚持足够). 我们将此称为风险知情 PrEP。对于每个设置场景,我们考虑了 2021 年年中的情况,并对两项政策的结果进行了成对比较:立即扩大 PrEP 规模,然后持续 50 年,以及没有 PrEP。我们估计了流行病与项目特征之间的关系,以及在风险季节向所有人提供 PrEP 的成本效益。对于我们的基本案例分析,我们假设 3 个月的 PrEP 成本为 29 美元(药物 11 美元,HIV 检测 4 美元,以及 14 美元用于促进教育和获取所需的额外费用),每个残疾调整后的成本效益阈值为 500 美元避免生命年 (DALY),年贴现率为 3%,时间跨度为 50 年。在敏感性分析中,我们考虑了每避免 DALY 100 美元的成本效益阈值、每年 7% 的贴现率、在风险季节之外使用 PrEP,以及减少对风险知情 PrEP 的采用。对于我们的基本案例分析,我们假设 3 个月的 PrEP 成本为 29 美元(药物 11 美元,HIV 检测 4 美元,以及 14 美元用于促进教育和获取所需的额外费用),每个残疾调整后的成本效益阈值为 500 美元避免生命年 (DALY),年贴现率为 3%,时间跨度为 50 年。在敏感性分析中,我们考虑了每避免 DALY 100 美元的成本效益阈值、每年 7% 的贴现率、在风险季节之外使用 PrEP,以及减少对风险知情 PrEP 的采用。对于我们的基本案例分析,我们假设 3 个月的 PrEP 成本为 29 美元(药物 11 美元,HIV 检测 4 美元,以及 14 美元用于促进教育和获取所需的额外费用),每个残疾调整后的成本效益阈值为 500 美元避免生命年 (DALY),年贴现率为 3%,时间跨度为 50 年。在敏感性分析中,我们考虑了每避免 DALY 100 美元的成本效益阈值、每年 7% 的贴现率、在风险季节之外使用 PrEP,以及减少对风险知情 PrEP 的采用。

发现

在 PrEP 规模扩大的背景下,66%(90% 的范围跨越场景 46-81)至少有一个非主要无安全套性伴侣的 HIV 阴性人群在任何给定时期采取 PrEP,导致 2·在任何给定时间服用 PrEP 的所有 HIV 阴性成年人中,有 6% (0·9–6·0) 与未服用 PrEP 相比,预计在 50 年内,了解风险的 PrEP 可将 HIV 发病率降低 49% (23–78)。PrEP 在 71% 的所有设置场景中具有成本效益,在 76% 的设置场景中具有成本效益,所有成人中 HIV 病毒载量大于 1000 拷贝/mL 的流行率高于 2%。在使用每 DALY 100 美元避免的成本效益阈值、每年 7% 的贴现率或使用 PrEP 的敏感性分析中,风险知情程度低于我们的基本案例,PrEP 不太可能具有成本效益,但如果所有成年人中 HIV 病毒载量大于 1000 拷贝/mL 的流行率高于 3%,则通常仍然具有成本效益。在基于风险知情 PrEP 未被广泛使用的其他场景的敏感性分析中,HIV 发病率的降低幅度较小,但风险知情 PrEP 的成本效益并未降低。

解释

假设在社区教育的背景下让撒哈拉以南非洲的所有成年人都能轻松获得 PrEP,从而导致风险知情使用,PrEP 在 HIV 病毒载量流行率超过 1000 拷贝/年的环境中可能具有成本效益mL 在所有成年人中高于 2%,表明需要实施此类方法,并进行持续评估。

资金

美国国际开发署、美国总统艾滋病紧急救援计划以及比尔和梅琳达·盖茨基金会。

更新日期:2022-04-29
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