This study investigated 3- to 11-year-old US children's (N = 348) perceptions of access to resources, social group preferences, and resource distribution decisions and reasoning when hypothetical peers differed in social class (poor or rich) and race (Black or White). Data were collected in 2019. The sample reflected the region where data were collected in terms of gender (44% girls, 30% boys, 1% another identity) and race and ethnicity (46% White, 10% multiracial or multiethnic, 9% Black, 5% Latinx, 2% Asian, 3% another identity), and parents reported a higher average level of education than the regional average. Results revealed both marked age differences in children's perceptions, preferences, decisions, and reasoning and specific combinations of peer group memberships that were especially likely to receive preferential treatment. With age, children perceived that rich peers had greater access to resources than poor peers, but when both peers were poor, White peers were perceived to have more resources than Black peers. Social group preferences changed with age, from mixed social class and racial group preferences, to preferences for rich peers, to dislike for rich peers. Resource allocation decisions and reasoning reflected both social group and fairness concerns: young children distributed more to White peers especially if they were also rich, participants in middle childhood explicitly favored rich peers regardless of their race, and older children distributed more to poor peers and reasoned about either moral concerns for equity or social class stereotypes. Thus, overall, younger children's responses often reflected broader economic and racial inequalities while older children often sought to create more equity, though not always for moral reasons.

中文翻译：

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“这孩子看起来什么都有”：3-11岁孩子在社会阶层和种族不同时对公平和社会偏好的关注

本研究调查了 3 至 11 岁的美国儿童（N = 348) 对资源获取、社会群体偏好、资源分配决策和推理的感知，当假设的同龄人在社会阶层（穷人或富人）和种族（黑人或白人）方面存在差异。数据于 2019 年收集。样本反映了在性别（44% 的女孩，30% 的男孩，1% 的其他身份）和种族和民族（46% 的白人，10% 的多种族或多民族，9%黑人、5% 拉丁裔、2% 亚裔、3% 其他身份）和父母报告的平均教育水平高于地区平均水平。结果显示，儿童的感知、偏好、决定和推理的显着年龄差异以及特别有可能受到优待的同龄群体成员的特定组合。随着年龄的增长，孩子们认为富有的同龄人比贫穷的同龄人更容易获得资源，但是当同龄人都贫穷时，白人同龄人被认为比黑人同龄人拥有更多的资源。社会群体偏好随着年龄的增长而变化，从混合的社会阶层和种族群体偏好，到对富裕同龄人的偏好，再到对富裕同龄人的厌恶。资源分配决策和推理反映了社会群体和公平问题：幼儿分配更多给白人同龄人，特别是如果他们也很富有，儿童中期的参与者明确偏爱富有的同龄人，无论他们的种族如何，年龄较大的儿童更多地分配给贫困同龄人并推理关于公平或社会阶级刻板印象的道德问题。因此，总体而言，年幼的孩子