The use of mRNA vaccines to treat colon cancer (CC) remains largely unexplored. The aim of this study is to identify CC antigens that may potentially be used for the development of anti-CC mRNA vaccines and to select suitable patients for vaccination. Immune subtypes are identified by consensus clustering analysis, and the visualization of the CC immune landscape is performed by graph-learning-based dimensionality reduction. Plot cell trajectory and the WGCNA are applied to resolve the heterogeneity of the population suitable for vaccination. Four tumor antigens, COQ2, BGN, CASP6, and FAP, which are related to prognosis and infiltration of antigen-presenting cells, are identified in CC. CC patients are divided into four immune subtypes characterized by differential molecular, cellular, pathological, and clinical features. Group B has the characteristics of immunologically “cold” tumors, and the immunosuppressive phenotype has worse survival than other groups. Moreover, different immune subtype tumors differed in the expression of immune checkpoints and immunogenic cell death modulators. Last, immune cell components in individual patients are revealed by the immune landscape. COQ2, BGN, CASP6, and FAP are potential antigens for use in a CC-mRNA vaccine and suitable for patients in Group B.

中文翻译：

---

用于 mRNA 疫苗开发的结肠癌候选抗原和免疫亚型的鉴定

使用 mRNA 疫苗治疗结肠癌 (CC) 在很大程度上仍未得到探索。本研究的目的是鉴定可能用于开发抗 CC mRNA 疫苗的 CC 抗原，并选择合适的患者进行疫苗接种。免疫亚型通过共识聚类分析确定，CC 免疫景观的可视化通过基于图学习的降维进行。绘图细胞轨迹和 WGCNA 用于解决适合接种疫苗的人群的异质性。在CC中鉴定出与抗原呈递细胞的预后和浸润有关的四种肿瘤抗原COQ2、BGN、CASP6和FAP。CC 患者分为四种免疫亚型，其特征在于不同的分子、细胞、病理和临床特征。B组具有免疫学“冷”肿瘤的特征，免疫抑制表型的生存率比其他组差。此外，不同免疫亚型肿瘤的免疫检查点和免疫原性细胞死亡调节剂的表达也不同。最后，免疫景观揭示了个体患者的免疫细胞成分。COQ2、BGN、CASP6 和 FAP 是用于 CC-mRNA 疫苗的潜在抗原，适用于 B 组患者。