The difference between potential and actual distribution of species is emphasized, pointing out the ecological importance of providing maps that depict the actual species presence on the study region. Owing to the impossibility of performing complete surveys over large areas, the presence/absence of species at a pre-fixed spatial grain is estimated for any location of the study region from the presences/absences recorded within plots centred at sample locations and having the same grain. Estimation is performed in a design-based framework by means of the well-known nearest-neighbour interpolator. Association and richness maps are obtained as product and sum of the presence maps of single species. The design-based asymptotic unbiasedness and consistency of these maps are theoretically proven and pseudo-population bootstrap estimators of their precision are proposed and discussed. Coverage of presence, association maps and related overlapping indexes are estimated, as usual, by counting the sample locations within the study region. A simulation study is performed on a real community of 302 tree species settled in a 50-ha rectangle in the lowland tropical moist forest of Barro Colorado Island (BCI), central Panama, to check the finite-sample performance of the proposal. A case study for estimating the presence map and the association of holly oak and white violet in the Montagnola Senese (Central Italy) is reported. Technical details are contained in the appendices.

强调了物种的潜在分布和实际分布之间的差异，指出了提供描述研究区域实际物种存在的地图的生态重要性。由于不可能在大面积上进行完整的调查，根据以样本位置为中心并具有相同的地块内记录的存在/不存在，估计研究区域的任何位置的物种存在/不存在在预先固定的空间粒度上粮食。通过众所周知的最近邻插值器在基于设计的框架中执行估计。关联和丰富度图是作为单个物种存在图的乘积和总和获得的。这些地图的基于设计的渐近无偏性和一致性在理论上得到了证明，并提出并讨论了其精度的伪种群自举估计量。像往常一样，通过计算研究区域内的样本位置来估计存在、关联图和相关重叠索引的覆盖范围。在巴拿马中部巴罗科罗拉多岛 (BCI) 的低地热带潮湿森林中，对 302 种树种的真实社区进行了模拟研究，以检查该提案的有限样本性能。报告了一个案例研究，用于估计 Montagnola Senese（意大利中部）的存在图和冬青橡树和白紫罗兰的关联。技术细节包含在附录中。像往常一样，通过计算研究区域内的样本位置来估计关联图和相关的重叠索引。在巴拿马中部巴罗科罗拉多岛 (BCI) 的低地热带潮湿森林中，对 302 种树种的真实社区进行了模拟研究，以检查该提案的有限样本性能。报告了一个案例研究，用于估计 Montagnola Senese（意大利中部）的存在图和冬青橡树和白紫罗兰的关联。技术细节包含在附录中。像往常一样，通过计算研究区域内的样本位置来估计关联图和相关的重叠索引。在巴拿马中部巴罗科罗拉多岛 (BCI) 的低地热带潮湿森林中，对 302 种树种的真实社区进行了模拟研究，以检查该提案的有限样本性能。报告了一个案例研究，用于估计 Montagnola Senese（意大利中部）的存在图和冬青橡树和白紫罗兰的关联。技术细节包含在附录中。巴拿马中部，以检查提案的有限样本性能。报告了一个案例研究，用于估计 Montagnola Senese（意大利中部）的存在图和冬青橡树和白紫罗兰的关联。技术细节包含在附录中。巴拿马中部，以检查提案的有限样本性能。报告了一个案例研究，用于估计 Montagnola Senese（意大利中部）的存在图和冬青橡树和白紫罗兰的关联。技术细节包含在附录中。