Annual productivity of croplands can be increased by intensifying cropping sequences and fine-tuning agronomic management, improving the ratio between seasonal grain yield and annual available resources. The aims of this study were to evaluate, for different crop sequences and agronomic practices, (i) grain yield (GY), and energy of GY (EY) on annual basis; (ii) the relative contribution of each crop to the annual GY and EY of the crop sequences; and (iii) the maximum attainable annual EY. In a five-year field experiment at the central Rolling Pampa of Argentina, three crop sequences: soybean mono-cropping (Sy), a two-year rotation alternating maize and soybean (Mz-Sy), and a three-year rotation including wheat/soybean, maize, and soybean (Wt/Sy-Mz-Sy) were evaluated under the presence of either fallow (F) or cover crops (CC) during winter, and under two agronomic systems: conventional (CM) and intensified management (IM). For EY, Mz-Sy and Wt/Sy-Mz-Sy sequences greatly surpassed (P < 0.01) Sy (78% and 86% higher) across all years. The CC negatively affected (P < 0.001) the annual GY of the sequences by mostly affecting maize GY (−14% than under F), but this effect varied with the experimental year (rainfall levels) and CC composition (grass/legume proportion). The annual GY of the Mz-Sy (6.47 Mg ha⁻¹) and Wt/Sy-Mz-Sy (6.69 Mg ha⁻¹) sequences increased (P < 0.001) in the IM system compared to CM (5.33 and 5.64 Mg ha⁻¹). In addition, under IM the penalty of CC on the annual GY of the crop sequences was lower (−7%) than under CM (−14%). From the combination of crop sequences and agronomic systems, the highest annual EY corresponded to the more intensified Wt/Sy-Mz-Sy sequence under IM (176 GJ ha⁻¹), doubling the lowest EY obtained by soybean mono-cropping under CM (87 GJ ha⁻¹). This result highlights the opportunity for intensification of cropping sequence and agronomic management to increase the annual productivity of the existing cropping area.

通过强化种植顺序和微调农艺管理，提高季节性粮食产量与年可用资源之间的比率，可以提高农田的年生产力。本研究的目的是评估不同作物序列和农艺实践的 (i) 谷物产量 (GY) 和 GY (EY) 的年能量；(ii) 每种作物对作物序列的年 GY 和 EY 的相对贡献；(iii) 可达到的最大年度安永。在阿根廷中部 Rolling Pampa 进行的一项为期五年的田间试验中，三种作物序列：大豆单作 (Sy)、两年轮作玉米和大豆 (Mz-Sy) 以及包括小麦在内的三年轮作/ 大豆、玉米和大豆 (Wt/Sy-Mz-Sy) 在冬季休耕 (F) 或覆盖作物 (CC) 的存在下进行评估，在两个农艺系统下：常规（CM）和强化管理（IM）。对于 EY，Mz-Sy 和 Wt/Sy-Mz-Sy 序列大大超过（P  < 0.01) Sy（分别高出 78% 和 86%）。CC 通过主要影响玉米 GY（比 F 下 -14%）对序列的年 GY 产生负面影响（P  < 0.001），但这种影响随实验年份（降雨水平）和 CC 组成（草/豆类比例）而变化.  与 CM（5.33 和 5.64 Mg ha）相比，IM 系统中Mz-Sy (6.47 Mg ha ^-1 ) 和 Wt/Sy-Mz-Sy (6.69 Mg ha ^-1 ) 序列的年 GY 增加 ( P < 0.001) ^-1）。此外，在 IM 下，CC 对作物序列年 GY 的惩罚（-7%）低于 CM（-14%）。从作物序列和农艺系统的组合来看，最高的年 EY 对应于 IM 下更强的 Wt/Sy-Mz-Sy 序列（176 GJ ha ^-1），是 CM 下大豆单作获得的最低 EY 的两倍（ 87 GJ ha ^-1 )。这一结果突出了加强种植顺序和农艺管理以提高现有种植面积年生产力的机会。