The design of the thermal management solution has a significant impact on the reliability and power density of power electronics (PEs). As the electric vehicle (EV) industry moves toward increasing the efficiency and output power, the cooling system must effectively remove the excess heat dissipated in PEs. The main heat-generating components are the semiconductor switches, but other components, such as bus bars and power capacitors, also dissipate heat and require cooling. Currently, indirect, direct, and double-sided cooling methods are the most common in EVs and account for 14%–33% of the total volume of traction inverters. However, PE packaging sizes are expected to decrease, while the heat dissipation continues to increase; hence, advanced cooling technologies are being investigated. This article aims to review the thermal management strategies for major PE components in EVs as well as their failure modes since high temperatures can be detrimental to the performance of PEs. Cooling designs that are currently implemented in EVs and future cooling trends for the next generation of PEs are reviewed as well.

中文翻译：

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用于牵引目的的汽车电力电子的当前热管理概述和未来方向

热管理解决方案的设计对电力电子 (PE) 的可靠性和功率密度有重大影响。随着电动汽车 (EV) 行业朝着提高效率和输出功率的方向发展，冷却系统必须有效地去除 PE 中散发的多余热量。主要发热元件是半导体开关，但其他元件，如母线和功率电容器，也会散热并需要冷却。目前，间接、直接和双面冷却方式在电动汽车中最为常见，占牵引逆变器总体积的14%~33%。然而，PE封装尺寸有望减小，而散热量继续增加；因此，正在研究先进的冷却技术。本文旨在回顾电动汽车中主要 PE 组件的热管理策略及其失效模式，因为高温可能会损害 PE 的性能。还审查了目前在 EV 中实施的冷却设计以及下一代 PE 的未来冷却趋势。