Despite the remarkable progress in power conversion efficiency of perovskite solar cells, going from individual small-size devices into large-area modules while preserving their commercial competitiveness compared with other thin-film solar cells remains a challenge. Major obstacles include reduction of both the resistive losses and intrinsic defects in the electron transport layers and the reliable fabrication of high-quality large-area perovskite films. Here we report a facile solvothermal method to synthesize single-crystalline TiO₂ rhombohedral nanoparticles with exposed (001) facets. Owing to their low lattice mismatch and high affinity with the perovskite absorber, their high electron mobility and their lower density of defects, single-crystalline TiO₂ nanoparticle-based small-size devices achieve an efficiency of 24.05% and a fill factor of 84.7%. The devices maintain about 90% of their initial performance after continuous operation for 1,400 h. We have fabricated large-area modules and obtained a certified efficiency of 22.72% with an active area of nearly 24 cm², which represents the highest-efficiency modules with the lowest loss in efficiency when scaling up.

尽管钙钛矿太阳能电池的功率转换效率取得了显着进步，但与其他薄膜太阳能电池相比，从单个小尺寸器件到大面积组件，同时保持其商业竞争力仍然是一个挑战。主要障碍包括减少电子传输层中的电阻损耗和固有缺陷以及可靠地制造高质量的大面积钙钛矿薄膜。在这里，我们报告了一种简便的溶剂热法来合成具有暴露 (001) 晶面的单晶 TiO _{2菱面体纳米颗粒。}由于其低晶格失配和与钙钛矿吸收剂的高亲和力、高电子迁移率和较低的缺陷密度，单晶 TiO ₂基于纳米粒子的小尺寸器件的效率为 24.05%，填充因子为 84.7%。这些设备在连续运行 1,400 小时后仍能保持其初始性能的约 90%。我们制造了大面积模块，获得了 22.72% 的认证效率，有效面积接近 24 cm ²，这是放大时效率损失最低的最高效率模块。