Extrusion-based bioprinting is one of the most effective methods for fabricating cell-laden mesh structures. However, insufficient cellular activities within the printed cylindrical cell-matrix blocks, inducing low cell-to-cell interactions due to the disturbance of the matrix hydrogel, remain to be addressed. Hence, various sacrificial materials or void-forming methods have been used; however, most of them cannot solve the problem completely or require complicated fabricating procedures. Herein, we suggest a bioprinted cell-laden collagen/hydroxyapatite (HA) construct comprising meringue-like porous cell-laden structures to enhance osteogenic activity. A porous bioink is generated using a culinary process, i.e., the whipping method, and the whipping conditions, such as the material concentration, time, and speed, are selected appropriately. The constructs fabricated using the meringue-like bioink with MG63 cells and human adipose stem cells exhibit outstanding metabolic and osteogenic activities owing to the synergistic effects of the efficient cell-to-cell interactions and HA stimulation released from the porous structure. The in vitro cellular responses indicate that the meringue-like collagen bioink for achieving an extremely porous cell-laden construct can be a highly promising cell-laden material for various tissue regeneration applications.

中文翻译：

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具有蛋白糖样大/微孔的生物打印载有 hASC 的胶原蛋白/HA 构建体

基于挤出的生物打印是制造载有细胞的网状结构的最有效方法之一。然而，打印的圆柱形细胞-基质块内的细胞活性不足，由于基质水凝胶的干扰而导致细胞间相互作用低，仍有待解决。因此，已经使用了各种牺牲材料或形成空隙的方法。然而，它们中的大多数不能完全解决问题或需要复杂的制造程序。在此，我们建议一种生物打印的载有细胞的胶原蛋白/羟基磷灰石 (HA) 构建体，该结构包含蛋白糖样多孔载有细胞的结构，以增强成骨活性。多孔生物墨水是使用烹饪过程，即搅打方法生成的，并且诸如材料浓度、时间和速度等搅打条件被适当地选择。由于有效的细胞间相互作用和多孔结构释放的 HA 刺激的协同作用，使用蛋白糖样生物墨水与 MG63 细胞和人类脂肪干细胞制造的构建体表现出出色的代谢和成骨活性。体外细胞反应表明，用于实现极其多孔的载细胞构建体的蛋白糖样胶原生物墨水可以成为用于各种组织再生应用的非常有前途的载细胞材料。