Various models of synthetic cells have been developed as researchers have sought to explore the origins of life. Based on the fact that structural complexity is the foundation of higher-order functions, this review focuses on hierarchical structures in synthetic cell models that are inspired by living systems, in which macromolecules are the dominant participants. The underlying advantages and functions provided by biomimetic higher-order structures are discussed from four perspectives, including hierarchical structures in membranes, in the composite construction of membrane-coated artificial cytoplasm, in organelle-like subcellular compartments, as well as in synthetic cell–cell assembled synthetic tissues. In parallel, various feasible driving forces and approaches for the fabrication of such higher-order structures are showcased. Furthermore, both the implemented and potential applications of biomimetic systems, bottom-up biosynthesis, biomedical tissue engineering, and disease therapy are highlighted. This thriving field is gradually narrowing the gap between fundamental research and applied science.

中文翻译：

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大分子组装合成细胞的层次结构

随着研究人员试图探索生命的起源，已经开发了各种合成细胞模型。基于结构复杂性是高阶功能的基础这一事实，本综述重点关注受生命系统启发的合成细胞模型中的层次结构，其中大分子是主要参与者。从膜中的层次结构、膜包被的人工细胞质的复合构建、细胞器样亚细胞区室以及合成细胞-细胞四个角度讨论了仿生高阶结构所提供的潜在优势和功能。组装的合成组织。同时，展示了用于制造这种高阶结构的各种可行驱动力和方法。此外，重点介绍了仿生系统、自下而上的生物合成、生物医学组织工程和疾病治疗的实施和潜在应用。这个蓬勃发展的领域正在逐渐缩小基础研究与应用科学之间的差距。