There has been considerable recent interest in the life cycle of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), the causative agent of the Covid-19 pandemic. Practically every step in CoV replication—from cell attachment and uptake via genome replication and expression to virion assembly has been considered as a specific event that potentially could be targeted by existing or novel drugs. Interference with cellular egress of progeny viruses could also be adopted as a possible therapeutic strategy; however, the situation is complicated by the fact that there is no broad consensus on how CoVs find their way out of their host cells. The viral nucleocapsid, consisting of the genomic RNA complexed with nucleocapsid proteins obtains a membrane envelope during virus budding into the lumen of the intermediate compartment (IC) at the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)–Golgi interface. From here, several alternative routes for CoV extracellular release have been proposed. Strikingly, recent studies have shown that CoV infection leads to the disassembly of the Golgi ribbon and the mobilization of host cell compartments and protein machineries that are known to promote Golgi-independent trafficking to the cell surface. Here, we discuss the life cycle of CoVs with a special focus on different possible pathways for virus egress.

中文翻译：

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冠状病毒的生命周期和神秘的出口

最近，人们对严重急性呼吸系统综合症冠状病毒 2 (SARS-CoV-2) 的生命周期产生了相当大的兴趣，它是 Covid-19 大流行的病原体。实际上，冠状病毒复制的每一步——从细胞附着和通过基因组复制和表达摄取到病毒粒子组装，都被认为是现有或新型药物可能靶向的特定事件。干扰后代病毒的细胞出口也可以作为一种可能的治疗策略；然而，由于对于 CoV 如何从宿主细胞中找到出路没有广泛共识，这一事实使情况变得复杂。病毒核衣壳，由与核衣壳蛋白复合的基因组 RNA 组成，在病毒出芽到内质网 (ER)-高尔基体界面处的中间隔室 (IC) 的腔中时获得膜包膜。从这里开始，已经提出了几种 CoV 细胞外释放的替代途径。引人注目的是，最近的研究表明，冠状病毒感染会导致高尔基体带的分解和宿主细胞区室和蛋白质机器的动员，这些细胞室和蛋白质机器已知会促进不依赖高尔基体的运输到细胞表面。在这里，我们讨论了 CoV 的生命周期，并特别关注病毒出口的不同可能途径。最近的研究表明，冠状病毒感染会导致高尔基体带的分解和宿主细胞区室和蛋白质机器的动员，这些细胞室和蛋白质机器已知会促进不依赖高尔基体的运输到细胞表面。在这里，我们讨论了 CoV 的生命周期，并特别关注病毒出口的不同可能途径。最近的研究表明，冠状病毒感染会导致高尔基体带的分解和宿主细胞区室和蛋白质机器的动员，这些细胞室和蛋白质机器已知会促进不依赖高尔基体的运输到细胞表面。在这里，我们讨论了 CoV 的生命周期，并特别关注病毒出口的不同可能途径。