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Introduction: Microfluidics
Chemical Reviews ( IF 62.1 ) Pub Date : 2022-04-13 , DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00052
J K Nunes 1 , H A Stone 1
Affiliation  

This article is part of the Microfluidics special issue. Microfluidics refers to a set of tools for manipulating fluids and materials at the scale typically of a few to hundreds of microns. The ideas and strategies for experimental measurements have continually expanded over the past 30 years, and many review articles have been written. The techniques are now used in engineering, physics, chemistry, and biology and, further, are entering and impacting geoscience, neuroscience, brain science, etc. The integration of various distinct tools, such as microscopy, control of chemical concentrations and temperature in space and time, in situ fabrication, continuous flows, etc., offers scientists and engineers a large toolbox and design space for both novel approaches to scientific questions and new technological strategies for continuous processing, in-line diagnostics, etc. In many ways, microfluidics methods blur the distinction between traditionally distinct areas. In this thematic issue of Chemical Reviews, a broad range of microfluidic topics is covered in the review articles. Though there is some overlap among the topics, they represent four major themes in microfluidics research: (1) fundamental transport problems, (2) materials science, (3) biological and bioengineering applications with wide-ranging implications in healthcare and medicine, and (4) applications in energy and the environment. Three classes of fundamental transport problems relevant to a broad range of chemical and engineering applications are reviewed in this issue. Whitesides and coauthors review a wide range of flow phenomena, including nonlinear features, such as describing the new insights gained in understanding the flow of non-Newtonian fluids, multiphase systems such as emulsions and foams, and flows in channels with complex geometries and mechanical properties; the practical applications of the ideas and themes are also considered. Salmon and coauthors focus on a second class of fundamental mass transport behavior: evaporative, pervaporative (coupling evaporation and the use of a membrane), and osmotic processes at the microscale and the application of these processes to understanding phase separation, passive pumping strategies, and the engineering of micromaterials, among other applications. Third, Shim discusses recent fundamental microfluidic studies of diffusiophoresis and diffusioosmosis, which refer to transport phenomena of all manners of colloidal particles driven by chemical gradients, for the manipulation of nano- and microparticles in microscale flow geometries. Microfluidics has long played a significant role in chemical synthesis and analysis and materials science. In particular, microfluidics has impacted materials fabrication considerably as it facilitates the controlled generation and manipulation of fluid templates that can be converted to a range of solid materials with microscale geometrical features. For example, Zhu and Wang review recent advances in the microfluidics-enabled soft manufacturing of materials with controlled wettability and their applications, including the modular fabrication of microparticles, microfibers, and porous materials. There has been rapid and continuing growth of the application of microfluidics to biology and bioengineering, with long-ranging implications in healthcare and medicine. This issue captures four distinct themes, from the scale of individual cells to transport phenomena relevant to the brain and the lungs. For example, Baroud and coauthors review droplet microfluidic methods in cell culture and for studying cellular interactions, as well as the applications of these approaches in cancer studies, immunology, and stem cell research. Tang and coauthors comprehensively evaluate the recent emergence of microfluidic techniques for microscale “surgery” of cells and multicellular systems, where microfluidic methods have enabled more controlled and precise manipulation of cells at the microscale compared to standard methods. Organs-on-a-chip are yet another emerging microfluidics-related field. Wan and coauthors are concerned with cerebral blood flow and review the current understanding of neurovascular coupling and the glymphatic pathway gained by microfluidics-based approaches, including current progress on brain-on-a-chip and microfluidics-integrated neuroelectronic devices. Moreover, Sznitman reviews the microfluidic technologies that have emerged over the past decade to elucidate the respiratory airflow and aerosol transport phenomena in the lung and that provide in vitro quantifications of transport quantities in the pulmonary acinar airway. Microfluidics has also been applied to challenges in the areas of energy and the environment. This issue surveys two of these topics. Biswal and coauthors review the utilization of microfluidic methods to emulate the key features of reservoir rock to enable the physicochemical characterization of complex fluids relevant to the oil and gas industry, specifically highlighting the work on asphaltene deposition and flow assurance. Moreover, Kjeang and coauthors comprehensively review the past 20 years of research in microfluidic electrochemical energy conversion, providing insight into current challenges and future prospects. These topics highlight two aspects of the energy challenges, and there are many others that future reviews can tackle. The surveys of microfluidic studies provided in this issue document an incredible number of advances and insights in many fields that have been enabled by microfluidic approaches and tools. There are many other exciting themes that we hope can be reviewed in the future. For example, ecology and the geosciences were only briefly touched on in this issue, but soil-on-a-chip studies are being pioneered for better characterizing and understanding subsurface phenomena that are the world of plants, fungi, groundwater, etc. (1−3) Organ-on-a-chip technologies continue to be developed and are an area to be watched, and approaches to integrate systems via multiple organs-on-a-chip may be a viable next step for understanding synergies and interactions between different functional systems. (4,5) Looking ahead, there is also potential for utilizing microfluidics in the field of soft robotics. (6) Finally, wearable sensors are advancing rapidly and suggest novel sensing applications, such as devices that sample body fluids, e.g., sweat, tears, etc. (7−9) No matter the application area, new opportunities are possible because of the ability to integrate novel imaging, detection, and analytical tools, and the miniaturization and integration of electronic microsystems, e.g., sensing, diagnostics, imaging, integration with wireless communication, etc., will only expand the use, and hopefully positive impact, of microfluidics methods and technologies. Janine K. Nunes is a research scholar in the Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering and a lecturer in the Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering at Princeton University. She received her Ph.D. in chemistry from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and a B.S. and M.S. in chemistry from Morgan State University. Janine has broad research interests in the synthesis, assembly, and characterization of soft materials. She uses microfluidics extensively, for example in flow solidification techniques for the continuous and controllable fabrication of microfibers and microparticles. Howard A. Stone is the Donald R. Dixon ’69 and Elizabeth W. Dixon Professor in Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering at Princeton University. He received his Ph.D. in chemical engineering from the California Institute of Technology and a B.S. in chemical engineering from the University of California at Davis. Howard’s research interests are in fluid dynamics, especially as they arise in research and applications at the interface of engineering, chemistry, physics, and biology. He has contributed research papers involving theory and experiments for droplet microfluidics and various multiphase flows, chemical kinetics, and cellular scale (e.g., red blood cells, bacterial motility) transport phenomena as they arise in microfluidics. We thank the authors, who kindly contributed their time and knowledge, the reviewers, who helped improve the quality of this issue, and the Chemical Reviews’ editorial team. This article references 9 other publications.

中文翻译:

简介:微流体

本文是部分微流体特刊。微流体是指一组用于处理通常在几微米到几百微米范围内的流体和材料的工具。在过去的 30 年里,实验测量的想法和策略不断扩展,并撰写了许多评论文章。这些技术现在用于工程、物理、化学和生物学,并且正在进入并影响地球科学、神经科学、脑科学等。各种不同工具的集成,例如显微镜、化学浓度和空间温度的控制和时间、原位制造、连续流动等,为科学家和工程师提供了一个巨大的工具箱和设计空间,用于解决科学问题的新方法和用于连续处理、在线诊断等的新技术策略。在许多方面,微流体方法模糊了传统上不同区域之间的区别。在本期主题化学评论,评论文章中涵盖了广泛的微流体主题。尽管主题之间存在一些重叠,但它们代表了微流体研究的四个主要主题:(1)基本传输问题,(2)材料科学,(3)在医疗保健和医学中具有广泛影响的生物和生物工程应用,以及( 4)在能源和环境方面的应用。本期回顾了与广泛的化学和工程应用相关的三类基本传输问题。Whitesides 和合著者回顾了广泛的流动现象,包括非线性特征,例如描述了在理解非牛顿流体、乳液和泡沫等多相系统以及具有复杂几何形状和机械特性的通道中的流动方面获得的新见解; 还考虑了这些想法和主题的实际应用。Salmon 和合著者专注于第二类基本传质行为:蒸发、全蒸发(耦合蒸发和膜的使用)和微尺度的渗透过程,以及这些过程在理解相分离、被动泵送策略和微材料工程,以及其他应用。第三,Shim 讨论了最近关于扩散泳和扩散渗透的基本微流体研究,这些研究是指由化学梯度驱动的各种胶体粒子的传输现象,用于在微尺度流动几何中操纵纳米和微米粒子。微流体长期以来在化学合成和分析以及材料科学中发挥着重要作用。尤其是,微流体技术极大地影响了材料制造,因为它促进了流体模板的可控生成和操作,这些模板可以转化为一系列具有微尺度几何特征的固体材料。例如,Zhu 和 Wang 回顾了具有可控润湿性的材料的微流体软制造及其应用的最新进展,包括微粒、微纤维和多孔材料的模块化制造。微流体在生物学和生物工程中的应用一直在快速和持续增长,对医疗保健和医学产生了深远的影响。本期涵盖了四个不同的主题,从单个细胞的规模到与大脑和肺部相关的运输现象。例如,Baroud 和合著者回顾了细胞培养和细胞相互作用研究中的液滴微流体方法,以及这些方法在癌症研究、免疫学和干细胞研究中的应用。Tang 和合著者全面评估了最近出现的用于细胞和多细胞系统的微尺度“手术”的微流控技术,与标准方法相比,微流控方法能够在微尺度上对细胞进行更可控和更精确的操作。芯片上的器官是另一个新兴的微流体相关领域。Wan 和合著者关注脑血流,并回顾了目前对神经血管耦合和基于微流体的方法获得的淋巴通路的理解,包括目前在片上大脑和集成微流体的神经电子设备方面取得的进展。此外,Sznitman 回顾了过去十年出现的微流体技术,以阐明肺部的呼吸气流和气溶胶运输现象,并提供体外肺腺泡气道中运输量的量化。微流体也被应用于能源和环境领域的挑战。本期调查了其中两个主题。Biswal 和合著者回顾了利用微流体方法模拟储层岩石的关键特征,以实现与石油和天然气行业相关的复杂流体的物理化学表征,特别强调了在沥青质沉积和流动保证方面的工作。此外,Kjeang 和合著者全面回顾了过去 20 年在微流体电化学能量转换方面的研究,提供了对当前挑战和未来前景的洞察。这些主题突出了能源挑战的两个方面,未来的审查可以解决许多其他方面的问题。本期提供的微流体研究调查记录了在许多领域中通过微流体方法和工具实现的大量进展和见解。我们希望将来可以审查许多其他令人兴奋的主题。例如,生态学和地球科学在本期中只是简单地涉及,但是芯片土壤研究正在被开创,以更好地表征和理解植物、真菌、地下水等世界的地下现象。(1 −3) 芯片上器官技术不断发展,是一个值得关注的领域,通过多个芯片上器官集成系统的方法可能是了解不同器官之间的协同作用和相互作用的可行下一步功能系统。(4,5) 展望未来,在软机器人领域也有利用微流体的潜力。(6) 最后,可穿戴传感器正在迅速发展,并提出了新的传感应用,例如对汗液、眼泪等体液进行采样的设备。(7-9) 无论应用领域如何,新的机会都是可能的,因为集成新型成像、检测和分析工具的能力,以及电子微系统的小型化和集成,例如传感、诊断、成像、与无线通信的集成等,只会扩大微流体的使用,并有望产生积极影响方法和技术。Janine K. Nunes 是普林斯顿大学机械与航空航天工程系的研究学者和化学与生物工程系的讲师。她获得了博士学位。在北卡罗来纳大学教堂山分校获得化学博士学位,在摩根州立大学获得化学学士和硕士学位。Janine 在软材料的合成、组装和表征方面有着广泛的研究兴趣。她广泛使用微流体,例如在流动固化技术中用于连续和可控地制造微纤维和微粒。Howard A. Stone 是普林斯顿大学机械与航空航天工程专业的 Donald R. Dixon '69 和 Elizabeth W. Dixon 教授。他获得了博士学位。加州理工学院化学工程学士学位和加州大学戴维斯分校化学工程学士学位。霍华德的研究兴趣是流体动力学,特别是当它们出现在工程、化学、物理学,生物学。他贡献的研究论文涉及液滴微流体的理论和实验以及微流体中出现的各种多相流、化学动力学和细胞尺度(例如红细胞、细菌运动)运输现象。我们感谢作者,他们慷慨地贡献了他们的时间和知识,感谢审稿人,他们帮助提高了这个问题的质量,以及《化学评论》的编辑团队。本文引用了其他 9 个出版物。
更新日期:2022-04-13
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