The internally driven 24-h cycle in humans, called circadian rhythm, controls physiological, metabolic, and hormonal processes, and is tied to the circadian clocks ticking in most of the cells and tissues. The central clock, located in suprachiasmatic nuclei of the hypothalamus, is directly influenced by external cues, particularly light, and entrains the peripheral clocks through neural and hormonal pathways to the external light-dark cycle. However, peripheral clocks also have self-sustained circadian rhythmicity and feeding is the potent synchronizer. The internal clock system regulates the sleep-wake cycle and maintains stress responses through the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis and autonomic pathways. Any misalignment in this complex network could lead to circadian clock disruption and endocrine and metabolic dysfunction that may induce inflammatory responses. The detrimental consequences of such dysfunction are broad and can lead to serious health problems; however, the extent of the circadian disruption is difficult to assess. New promising techniques based on biosensors and point-of-care devices using aptamers - single-stranded DNA or RNA biorecognition molecules that can measure biomarkers of stress, sleep, and circadian rhythms in bodily fluids such as saliva with high sensitivity and specificity - can provide timely and accurate diagnosis and allow for effective implementation of behavioral and therapeutic interventions. This review provides detailed insight into the complex crosstalk between stress, sleep, and circadian rhythm, their relationship with the body's homeostasis, and the consequences of circadian dysregulation. The review also summarizes the mechanisms of aptamer-based biosensors and/or point-of-care devices developed to date for the detection of salivary biomarkers linked to stress, sleep, and circadian rhythm. Lastly, the review outlines the knowledge gaps in the literature related to the detection of lower concentrations of biomarkers in saliva and discusses the prospects of aptamer-based detection of salivary biomarkers from a high-precision perspective that is crucial for clinical diagnosis, at a time when circadian disruption is evident in unprecedented proportions across the globe.

人体内部驱动的 24 小时循环称为昼夜节律，控制生理、代谢和激素过程，并与大多数细胞和组织中的生物钟滴答作响有关。位于下丘脑视交叉上核的中央时钟直接受到外部信号的影响，尤其是光，并通过神经和激素通路将外围时钟引入外部明暗循环。然而，外围时钟也具有自我维持的昼夜节律性，而进食是有效的同步器。内部时钟系统通过下丘脑-垂体-肾上腺轴和自主神经通路调节睡眠-觉醒周期并维持压力反应。这个复杂网络中的任何错位都可能导致生物钟中断以及可能诱发炎症反应的内分泌和代谢功能障碍。这种功能障碍的有害后果是广泛的，并可能导致严重的健康问题；然而，昼夜节律紊乱的程度难以评估。新的有前途的技术基于生物传感器和使用适体的护理点设备 - 单链 DNA 或 RNA 生物识别分子，可以以高灵敏度和特异性测量体液（如唾液）中的压力、睡眠和昼夜节律的生物标志物 - 可以提供及时和准确的诊断，并允许有效实施行为和治疗干预。这篇综述详细介绍了压力、睡眠和昼夜节律之间的复杂串扰，它们与身体稳态的关系，以及昼夜节律失调的后果。该综述还总结了迄今为止开发的用于检测与压力、睡眠和昼夜节律相关的唾液生物标志物的基于适配体的生物传感器和/或即时护理设备的机制。最后，综述概述了与唾液中较低浓度生物标志物检测相关的文献中的知识空白，并从对临床诊断至关重要的高精度角度讨论了基于适配体的唾液生物标志物检测的前景。当昼夜节律紊乱在全球范围内以前所未有的比例出现时。该综述还总结了迄今为止开发的用于检测与压力、睡眠和昼夜节律相关的唾液生物标志物的基于适配体的生物传感器和/或即时护理设备的机制。最后，综述概述了与唾液中较低浓度生物标志物检测相关的文献中的知识空白，并从对临床诊断至关重要的高精度角度讨论了基于适配体的唾液生物标志物检测的前景。当昼夜节律紊乱在全球范围内以前所未有的比例出现时。该综述还总结了迄今为止开发的用于检测与压力、睡眠和昼夜节律相关的唾液生物标志物的基于适配体的生物传感器和/或即时护理设备的机制。最后，综述概述了与唾液中较低浓度生物标志物检测相关的文献中的知识空白，并从对临床诊断至关重要的高精度角度讨论了基于适配体的唾液生物标志物检测的前景。当昼夜节律紊乱在全球范围内以前所未有的比例出现时。