Recent advances in passive acoustic monitoring warrant the review of survey protocols because passive acoustic monitoring can increase sampling effort with minimal additional cost. In particular, protocols for nocturnal species should be re-evaluated because automated processing with signal recognition is expected to perform well for these species and surveys conducted by human observers are often limited by safety concerns. We revisited the best survey practices for the Eastern Whip-poor-will (Antrostomus vociferus), a nocturnal species of conservation concern. Whip-poor-will surveys are typically limited to nighttime, but also to times of high lunar illumination because their calling rate is associated with moonlight levels. We used automated recognition to extract Whip-poor-will detections from a dataset of autonomous recording unit (ARU) recordings from sites with known Eastern Whip-poor-will occupancy in Ontario, Canada. Temperature and time relative to sunset had particularly strong quadratic effects on detectability, with detectability maximized at 13 ?C and 4 hours after sunset. Moon altitude and day of year had positive effects on detectability, while wind speed had negative effects on detectability. We found constraining surveys by optimal values of those detectability covariates was worthwhile only up until 10 recordings, at which point the cumulative probability of detecting an Eastern Whip-poor-will at each site was equal between constrained and unconstrained nocturnal recordings. The number of recordings required to reach an asymptote for detectability was between 81 and 97, depending on recording length. We provide objective-specific recommendations for Eastern Whip-poor-will surveys and suggest unconstrained passive acoustic monitoring as the preferred survey method for many objectives. Given the rise of passive acoustic monitoring, survey practices for many species should be revisited because the increases in sampling effort provided by ARUs can improve cumulative detection probability and potentially outweigh the advantages of limiting surveys to times and dates of optimal detectability.

中文翻译：

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夜深人静：用被动声学监测重新审视东鞭穷意志调查

被动声学监测的最新进展需要审查调查协议，因为被动声学监测可以以最小的额外成本增加采样工作。特别是，应重新评估夜间活动物种的协议，因为带有信号识别的自动处理预计对这些物种表现良好，并且人类观察员进行的调查通常受到安全问题的限制。我们重新审视了东部鞭毛虫（Antrostomus vociferus）的最佳调查实践，这是一种受保护关注的夜间物种。Whip-poor-will 调查通常仅限于夜间，但也仅限于月球光照高的时间，因为它们的呼叫率与月光水平相关。我们使用自动识别从加拿大安大略省已知东部 Whip-poor-will 占用率的站点的自主记录单元 (ARU) 记录数据集中提取 Whip-poor-will 检测。相对于日落的温度和时间对可探测性具有特别强的二次效应，可探测性在 13 摄氏度和日落后 4 小时达到最大。月球高度和一年中的某一天对可探测性有积极影响，而风速对可探测性有负面影响。我们发现，通过这些可检测性协变量的最佳值进行约束调查仅在 10 次记录之前是值得的，此时在每个站点检测到东部鞭打穷意志的累积概率在受约束和不受约束的夜间记录之间是相等的。达到可检测性的渐近线所需的记录数量在 81 到 97 之间，具体取决于记录长度。我们为Eastern Whip-poor-will 调查提供针对特定目标的建议，并建议将无约束被动声学监测作为许多目标的首选调查方法。鉴于被动声学监测的兴起，应该重新审视对许多物种的调查实践，因为 ARU 提供的采样工作的增加可以提高累积检测概率，并可能超过将调查限制在最佳可检测时间和日期的优势。我们为Eastern Whip-poor-will 调查提供针对特定目标的建议，并建议将无约束被动声学监测作为许多目标的首选调查方法。鉴于被动声学监测的兴起，应该重新审视对许多物种的调查实践，因为 ARU 提供的采样工作的增加可以提高累积检测概率，并可能超过将调查限制在最佳可检测时间和日期的优势。我们为Eastern Whip-poor-will 调查提供针对特定目标的建议，并建议将无约束被动声学监测作为许多目标的首选调查方法。鉴于被动声学监测的兴起，应该重新审视对许多物种的调查实践，因为 ARU 提供的采样工作的增加可以提高累积检测概率，并可能超过将调查限制在最佳可检测时间和日期的优势。