Irrigation and fertilization are the most effective measures to inhibit soil salt accumulation and increase yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) grown in saline soils. The present study used a split-plot experimental design with irrigation as the main plot and fertilizer application as the subplot from 2014 to 2016. The experiment had four levels each of irrigation (W0, no irrigation; W1, one irrigation; W2, two irrigations; W3, three irrigations) and fertilization (M, no fertilizer; Y, cow manure; W, chemical fertilizer; and H, 50% cow manure and 50% chemical fertilizer). The study identified sowing, jointing, and maturity as the major salt accumulation periods. After irrigation, the 0- to 20-cm soil salinity during presowing, jointing, and grain filling decreased by 1.09, 0.28, 0.19 g kg⁻¹, and 0.76, 0.46, and 0.23 g kg⁻¹, from 2014 to 2016. The wheat roots were mainly distributed in the 0- to 30-cm soil layer. Meanwhile, wheat evapotranspiration (ET) ranged from 153 to 402 and 202 to 451 mm from 2014 to 2016, respectively; and the ET under W3W were 2.62- and 2.23-times higher than W0M. Additionally, W3W increased yield of wheat by 567.0 and 422.2% from 2014 to 2016, compared with W0M. Generally, the water use efficiency (WUE) decreases as irrigation increases; however, this study found no significant difference in WUE between W2 and W3. Meanwhile, the chemical fertilizer resulted in the highest WUE, 3.16- and 2.63-times higher than no fertilizer. Thus, the study proposes W3W as a suitable treatment for wheat in the Yellow River Delta.

中文翻译：

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灌溉施肥对黄河三角洲冬小麦土壤盐分迁移、产量及水分利用效率的影响

灌溉和施肥是抑制盐分积累和提高盐渍土小麦产量的最有效措施。本研究采用裂区试验设计，2014-2016年以灌溉为主小区，施肥为副小区。试验设4个灌溉水平（W0，不灌溉；W1，1次灌溉；W2，2次灌溉）。 ；W3，三灌）和施肥（M，不施肥；Y，牛粪；W，化肥；和 H，50% 牛粪和 50% 化肥）。该研究确定播种、拔节和成熟是主要的盐分积累期。灌水后，0～20 cm土壤盐分在预播、拔节和灌浆过程中分别下降1.09、0.28、0.19 g kg ^-1，2014-2016年分别为0.76、0.46和0.23 g kg ^-1。小麦根系主要分布在0-30-cm土层。同时，2014 年至 2016 年小麦蒸散量（ET）分别为 153 至 402 和 202 至 451 毫米；W3W 下的 ET 分别是 W0M 的 2.62 倍和 2.23 倍。此外，与 W0M 相比，W3W 使 2014 年至 2016 年的小麦产量分别增加了 567.0 和 422.2%。一般来说，用水效率（WUE）随着灌溉量的增加而降低；然而，这项研究发现 WUE 在 W2 和 W3 之间没有显着差异。同时，化肥的WUE最高，分别是不施肥的3.16倍和2.63倍。因此，该研究提出 W3W 作为黄河三角洲小麦的合适处理方法。