Fossil fuel combustion, land use change and other human activities have increased the atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO₂) abundance by about 50% since the beginning of the industrial age. The atmospheric CO₂ growth rates would have been much larger if natural sinks in the land biosphere and ocean had not removed over half of this anthropogenic CO₂. As these CO₂ emissions grew, uptake by the ocean increased in response to increases in atmospheric CO₂ partial pressure (pCO₂). On land, gross primary production also increased, but the dynamics of other key aspects of the land carbon cycle varied regionally. Over the past three decades, CO₂ uptake by intact tropical humid forests declined, but these changes are offset by increased uptake across mid- and high-latitudes. While there have been substantial improvements in our ability to study the carbon cycle, measurement and modeling gaps still limit our understanding of the processes driving its evolution. Continued ship-based observations combined with expanded deployments of autonomous platforms are needed to quantify ocean-atmosphere fluxes and interior ocean carbon storage on policy-relevant spatial and temporal scales. There is also an urgent need for more comprehensive measurements of stocks, fluxes and atmospheric CO₂ in humid tropical forests and across the Arctic and boreal regions, which are experiencing rapid change. Here, we review our understanding of the atmosphere, ocean, and land carbon cycles and their interactions, identify emerging measurement and modeling capabilities and gaps and the need for a sustainable, operational framework to ensure a scientific basis for carbon management.

中文翻译：

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我们对陆地-海洋-大气碳循环的了解程度如何？

自工业时代开始以来，化石燃料燃烧、土地利用变化和其他人类活动使大气中的二氧化碳 (CO _{2 ) 丰度增加了约 50%。如果陆地生物圈和海洋中的自然汇没有去除超过一半的人为 CO 2}，​​大气中的 CO ₂增长率会大得多。随着这些 CO ₂排放量的增加，海洋的吸收量随着大气 CO ₂分压 (pCO ₂ ) 的增加而增加。在陆地上，初级生产总值也有所增加，但陆地碳循环其他关键方面的动态因地区而异。在过去的三十年里，CO ₂完整的热带潮湿森林的吸收量下降，但这些变化被中高纬度地区吸收量的增加所抵消。虽然我们研究碳循环的能力有了很大的提高，但测量和建模方面的差距仍然限制了我们对推动其演变的过程的理解。需要持续的船基观测以及自主平台的扩展部署，以在政策相关的空间和时间尺度上量化海洋-大气通量和内部海洋碳储存。还迫切需要对储量、通量和大气 CO _{2进行更全面的测量}在潮湿的热带森林以及北极和北方地区，这些地区正在经历快速的变化。在这里，我们回顾了我们对大气、海洋和陆地碳循环及其相互作用的理解，确定了新兴的测量和建模能力和差距，以及对可持续的、可操作的框架的需求，以确保碳管理的科学基础。