Cancer is one of the leading causes of death worldwide. Chemotherapy and radiation therapy are the major treatments used for the management of cancer. Multidrug resistance (MDR) is a major hindrance faced in the treatment of cancer and is also responsible for cancer relapse. To date, several studies have been carried out on strategies to overcome or reverse MDR in cancer. Unfortunately, the MDR reversing agents have been proven to have minimal clinical benefits, and eventually, no improvement has been made in therapeutic efficacy to date. Thus, several investigational studies have also focused on overcoming drug resistance rather than reversing the MDR. In this review, we focus primarily on nanoformulations regarded as a novel approach to overcome or bypass the MDR in cancer. The nanoformulation systems serve as an attractive strategy as these nanosized materials selectively get accumulated in tumor tissues, thereby improving the clinical outcomes of patients suffering from MDR cancer. In the current work, we present an overview of recent trends in the application of various nano-formulations, belonging to different mechanistic classes and functionalization like carbon nanotubes, carbon nanohorns, carbon nanospheres, liposomes, dendrimers, etc., to overcome MDR in cancer. A detailed overview of these techniques will help researchers in exploring the applicability of nanotechnologybased approaches to treat MDR.

中文翻译：

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基于纳米技术的方法在克服癌症多药耐药性方面的应用。

癌症是全世界死亡的主要原因之一。化学疗法和放射疗法是用于治疗癌症的主要疗法。多药耐药性 (MDR) 是癌症治疗面临的主要障碍，也是癌症复发的原因。迄今为止，已经开展了几项关于克服或逆转癌症 MDR 的策略的研究。不幸的是，MDR 逆转剂已被证明具有极小的临床益处，并且最终，迄今为止治疗效果没有任何改善。因此，一些调查研究也侧重于克服耐药性而不是逆转 MDR。在这篇综述中，我们主要关注被视为克服或绕过癌症 MDR 的新方法的纳米制剂。纳米制剂系统作为一种有吸引力的策略，因为这些纳米材料有选择地积聚在肿瘤组织中，从而改善患有 MDR 癌症的患者的临床结果。在目前的工作中，我们概述了各种纳米制剂应用的最新趋势，这些纳米制剂属于不同的机械类别和功能化，如碳纳米管、碳纳米角、碳纳米球、脂质体、树枝状聚合物等，以克服癌症的 MDR . 对这些技术的详细概述将有助于研究人员探索基于纳米技术的方法治疗 MDR 的适用性。我们概述了应用各种纳米制剂的最新趋势，这些纳米制剂属于不同的机械类别和功能化，如碳纳米管、碳纳米角、碳纳米球、脂质体、树枝状聚合物等，以克服癌症的 MDR。对这些技术的详细概述将有助于研究人员探索基于纳米技术的方法治疗 MDR 的适用性。我们概述了应用各种纳米制剂的最新趋势，这些纳米制剂属于不同的机械类别和功能化，如碳纳米管、碳纳米角、碳纳米球、脂质体、树枝状聚合物等，以克服癌症的 MDR。对这些技术的详细概述将有助于研究人员探索基于纳米技术的方法治疗 MDR 的适用性。