Past meta-analyses show that both child-mother and child-father attachment insecurity are independently and jointly associated with more externalizing behaviors in children. Little is known, however, on the ways that different types of insecure attachment independently and jointly predict the development of externalizing behaviors over time. Existing work also neglects the impact of children's gender within the context of child-father relationships. The current study addresses these limitations by investigating how insecure type of child-father attachment, child-mother attachment, and their interaction in the preschool years predict boys' and girls' externalizing behaviors in middle childhood, when controlling for children's externalizing behaviors in the preschool years. The sample included 144 preschool-aged children (M = 46.89 months, SD = 8.77, 83 girls) and both of their parents. At Time 1, children completed independent separation-reunion procedures with each parent, which were coded using the Preschool Attachment Rating Scales. At Time 1 and Time 2 (5 years later), mothers and fathers completed the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire to report on their children's externalizing behaviors. Results showed no systematic differences in the way that child-mother and child-father attachment predicted the development of externalizing behaviors in boys and girls. Across all children, results identified an interaction of child-father and child-mother ambivalence, by which the presence of ambivalence toward both parents predicted the development of more externalizing behaviors. In addition, child-father controlling-caregiving attachment predicted the development of fewer externalizing behaviors. These results provide insight into the ways that insecure child-father and child-mother attachment predict later socioemotional adaptation. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).

中文翻译：

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孩子-父亲和孩子-母亲学前不安全依恋类型是否可以预测男孩和女孩在童年中期的外化行为的发展？

过去的荟萃分析表明，孩子-母亲和孩子-父亲的依恋不安全感与儿童更多的外化行为独立且共同相关。然而，关于不同类型的不安全依恋独立和共同预测外化行为随时间发展的方式知之甚少。现有的工作也忽视了儿童-父亲关系背景下儿童性别的影响。目前的研究通过调查学龄前儿童-父亲依恋、儿童-母亲依恋的不安全类型及其相互作用如何在控制学龄前儿童的外化行为时预测男孩和女孩在童年中期的外化行为来解决这些局限性年。样本包括 144 名学龄前儿童（M = 46. 89 个月，SD = 8.77，83 名女孩）和他们的父母。在时间 1，孩子们与每个父母完成了独立的分离-团聚程序，这些程序使用学龄前依恋评定量表进行编码。在时间 1 和时间 2（5 年后），母亲和父亲完成了优势和困难问卷，以报告他们孩子的外化行为。结果表明，孩子-母亲和孩子-父亲依恋预测男孩和女孩外化行为发展的方式没有系统差异。在所有儿童中，结果确定了孩子-父亲和孩子-母亲矛盾心理的相互作用，通过这种相互作用，对父母双方的矛盾心理预示着更多外化行为的发展。此外，孩子-父亲的控制-照顾依恋预示着较少外化行为的发展。这些结果提供了对不安全的孩子-父亲和孩子-母亲依恋预测后来社会情绪适应的方式的洞察力。（PsycInfo 数据库记录 (c) 2022 APA，保留所有权利）。