In recent years, the role of optically sensitive nanomaterials has become powerful moieties in therapeutic techniques and has become particularly emphasized. Currently, by the extraordinary development of nanomaterials in different fields of medicine, they have found new applications. Phototherapy modalities, such as photothermal therapy (PTT) by toxic heat generation and photodynamic therapy (PDT) by reactive oxygen species, are known as promising phototherapeutic techniques, which can overcome the limitations of conventional protocols. Moreover, nanomaterial-based PDT and PTT match the simultaneous immune therapy and increase the immune system stimulation resulting from the denaturation of cancer cells. Nevertheless, nanomaterials should have sufficient biocompatibility and efficiency to meet PDT and PTT requirements as therapeutic agents. The present review focuses on the therapeutic potency of PDT, PTT, and also their combined modalities, which are known alternative protocols with minimal morbidity integrated into gold standard treatments such as surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy at tumor treatment and cancer-related infectious diseases. In addition, for deeper understanding, photoablation effects with emphasis on the nature, morphology, and size of photosensitive nanomaterials in PDT and PTT were studied. Finally, transportation techniques and moieties needed as carriers of photosensitizers and photothermal therapy agents to hard-accessed regions, for example, cancerous regions, were investigated.

中文翻译：

---

用于光热和光动力癌症治疗的纳米材料

近年来，光敏纳米材料的作用已成为治疗技术中的重要组成部分，并受到特别重视。目前，随着纳米材料在不同医学领域的飞速发展，它们已经找到了新的应用。光疗方式，例如通过有毒热产生的光热疗法 (PTT) 和通过活性氧物质的光动力疗法 (PDT)，被认为是有前途的光疗技术，可以克服传统方案的局限性。此外，基于纳米材料的PDT和PTT与同步免疫治疗相匹配，增加了癌细胞变性引起的免疫系统刺激。尽管如此，纳米材料应具有足够的生物相容性和效率以满足作为治疗剂的 PDT 和 PTT 要求。本综述侧重于 PDT、PTT 及其组合方式的治疗效力，这些方式是已知的替代方案，将发病率降至最低，并融入金标准治疗，例如肿瘤治疗和癌症相关传染病的手术、化学疗法和放射疗法. 此外，为了更深入地了解，研究了 PDT 和 PTT 中光敏纳米材料的性质、形态和尺寸的光烧蚀效应。最后，研究了将光敏剂和光热治疗剂运送到难以到达的区域（例如癌变区域）所需的运输技术和部分。这些是已知的替代方案，将发病率降至最低，并纳入金标准治疗，例如肿瘤治疗和癌症相关传染病的手术、化学疗法和放射疗法。此外，为了更深入地了解，研究了 PDT 和 PTT 中光敏纳米材料的性质、形态和尺寸的光烧蚀效应。最后，研究了将光敏剂和光热治疗剂运送到难以到达的区域（例如癌变区域）所需的运输技术和部分。这些是已知的替代方案，将发病率降至最低，并融入了黄金标准治疗，例如肿瘤治疗和癌症相关传染病的手术、化学疗法和放射疗法。此外，为了更深入地了解，研究了 PDT 和 PTT 中光敏纳米材料的性质、形态和尺寸的光烧蚀效应。最后，研究了将光敏剂和光热治疗剂运送到难以到达的区域（例如癌变区域）所需的运输技术和部分。研究了 PDT 和 PTT 中光敏纳米材料的尺寸和尺寸。最后，研究了将光敏剂和光热治疗剂运送到难以到达的区域（例如癌变区域）所需的运输技术和部分。研究了 PDT 和 PTT 中光敏纳米材料的尺寸和尺寸。最后，研究了将光敏剂和光热治疗剂运送到难以到达的区域（例如癌变区域）所需的运输技术和部分。