Dominance hierarchies vary between species and possess particular characteristics depending on the distribution and abundance of food resources that affect the competitive regime. Bonobos have been described as having female intersexual dominance, based mainly on female coalitionary support against males, and more egalitarian hierarchies than chimpanzees. In this study, we tested whether female intersexual dominance is dependent on female coalitions or whether it still arises when only dyadic interactions are considered. We also examined the role of food abundance in shaping dominance style in a wild population of bonobos in Wamba, Democratic Republic of Congo. We found partial support concerning our first prediction in which we expected a male dominance over females when only dyadic agonistic interactions were considered because females were not systematically dominant over males, finding instead an intersexual codominance pattern. We failed to find support for our second prediction that hierarchies become more despotic under low fruit abundance, in fact, we found the opposite pattern. We discuss that codominance based on dyadic interactions in this group may arise as a consequence of male deference rather than females winning conflicts against males and that more despotic hierarchies during high fruit season may arise as a consequence of competition for high-quality resources or variation in party size.

优势等级因物种而异，并具有特定的特征，具体取决于影响竞争制度的食物资源的分布和丰度。倭黑猩猩被描述为具有女性间性优势，主要基于女性联盟对男性的支持，以及比黑猩猩更平等的等级制度。在这项研究中，我们测试了女性间性优势是否依赖于女性联盟，或者在仅考虑二元互动时它是否仍然存在。我们还研究了食物丰富在刚果民主共和国 Wamba 倭黑猩猩野生种群中塑造主导风格的作用。我们发现了关于我们的第一个预测的部分支持，在该预测中，当只考虑二元竞争相互作用时，我们预计男性对女性的优势，因为女性没有系统地优于男性，而是发现了一种两性共性模式。我们未能为我们的第二个预测找到支持，即在低水果丰度下等级制度变得更加专制，事实上，我们发现了相反的模式。我们讨论了在这个群体中基于二元互动的共性可能是由于男性的顺从而不是女性赢得与男性的冲突的结果，并且在水果旺季可能会由于对高质量资源的竞争或不同地区的变化而出现更专制的等级制度党的大小。我们未能为我们的第二个预测找到支持，即在低水果丰度下等级制度变得更加专制，事实上，我们发现了相反的模式。我们讨论了在这个群体中基于二元互动的共性可能是由于男性的顺从而不是女性赢得与男性的冲突的结果，并且在水果旺季可能会由于对高质量资源的竞争或不同地区的变化而出现更专制的等级制度党的大小。我们未能为我们的第二个预测找到支持，即在低水果丰度下等级制度变得更加专制，事实上，我们发现了相反的模式。我们讨论了在这个群体中基于二元互动的共性可能是由于男性的顺从而不是女性赢得与男性的冲突的结果，并且在水果旺季可能会由于对高质量资源的竞争或不同地区的变化而出现更专制的等级制度党的大小。