This article presents a review of historical and recent developments in the understanding of equilibrium and non-equilibrium turbulent boundary layers at incompressible high-Reynolds number conditions. The most fundamental equations and concepts are first introduced to provide a basis and context for the material reviewed. The review focusses on findings concerning the mean flow and turbulence stress fields, as well as on major elements of the instantaneous structure. Zero pressure gradient smooth wall and rough wall boundary layers are described, forming the basis of following material on equilibrium boundary layers formed in favorable and adverse pressure gradients. Non-equilibrium two dimensional flows formed in pressure gradient, with and without roughness, and as a result of step changes in roughness are covered. A detailed discussion of the physics and mathematics unique to the development of boundary layers in skewed, three-dimensional flows over smooth walls concludes the review.

本文回顾了在不可压缩的高雷诺数条件下平衡和非平衡湍流边界层的理解的历史和近期发展。首先介绍最基本的方程式和概念，为所审查的材料提供基础和背景。审查的重点是关于平均流动和湍流应力场的发现，以及瞬时结构的主要元素。描述了零压力梯度的光滑壁面和粗糙壁面边界层，为后续材料在有利和不利压力梯度下形成的平衡边界层奠定了基础。涵盖了在压力梯度中形成的非平衡二维流动，包括粗糙度和不粗糙度，以及粗糙度的阶跃变化。