Intelligent tires are one key element for autonomous self-driving cars and the Internet of Vehicles (IoV), especially if the battery-driven sensor systems attain the transition to be self-powered. Harvesting vibrational energy of these tire pressure monitoring systems (TPMSs) is the promising technique to make tire sensors self-sufficient and to provide additional energy for sophisticated algorithms, which constitute the intelligence of vehicle tires. Despite of two decades of intense research, no commercial product has been established. This work analyzes the technological reasons and presents both challenges and opportunities of TPMS energy transducers. First, this article specifies significant system requirements and characterizes common energy sources. The authors determine the necessary amount of energy on two different paths. A throughout comparison between different TPMS transducers overviews the state of the art, comprehensively. Typical TPMS energy harvesters are summarized, distinctive TPMS transducers are shortly presented and common problems are outlined, focusing on the harvesting mechanism, restoring force, interface circuit, and energy generation. The pros and cons of different energy transducer principles for their operation inside the tire are balanced. Focusing on reliability and on normalized energy generation, this publication highlights potent energy harvesters for system enhancement and gives recommendations for future developments. Two significant outcomes among others are to switch the focus from linear systems to systems with a nonlinear restoring force as well as to more efficient interface circuits than low-efficient full-wave rectifiers.

中文翻译：

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从机械能的角度为轮胎压力监测系统收集能量

智能轮胎是自动驾驶汽车和车联网 (IoV) 的关键要素之一，特别是如果电池驱动的传感器系统实现了向自供电的过渡。收集这些轮胎压力监测系统 (TPMS) 的振动能量是使轮胎传感器自给自足并为构成汽车轮胎智能的复杂算法提供额外能量的有前途的技术。尽管进行了二十年的深入研究，但尚未建立任何商业产品。这项工作分析了技术原因，并提出了 TPMS 能量传感器的挑战和机遇。首先，本文规定了重要的系统要求并描述了常见的能源。作者确定了两条不同路径上所需的能量。不同 TPMS 换能器之间的全面比较全面地概述了现有技术。总结了典型的 TPMS 能量采集器，简要介绍了独特的 TPMS 传感器并概述了常见问题，重点关注采集机制、恢复力、接口电路和能量产生。不同能量换能器原理在轮胎内工作的利弊是平衡的。该出版物侧重于可靠性和标准化能源生产，重点介绍了用于增强系统的强大能量收集器，并为未来的发展提供了建议。其中两个重要成果是将焦点从线性系统转移到具有非线性恢复力的系统以及比低效率全波整流器更高效的接口电路。