In the context of broad increases in gender equality and growing socioeconomic disparities along multiple dimensions of family life, we examine changes in within-family earnings equality following parenthood and the extent to which they have played out differently by education. Our analysis relies on links between rich surveys and administrative tax records that provide high-quality earnings data for husbands and wives spanning two years before and up to 10 years following first births from the 1980s to the 2000s in the United States (Survey of Income and Program Participation Synthetic Beta files; N = 21,300 couples and 194,100 couple-years). Accounting for time-invariant couple characteristics and year and age fixed effects, we find that wives’ share of total couple earnings declines substantially after parenthood and remains lower over the observation window, irrespective of cohort and education. Cohort changes in within-family earnings equality are modest and concentrated among the earliest cohort of parents, and data provide little evidence of differential change by education. These findings have implications for women's economic vulnerability, particularly in the United States where divorce remains common and public support for families is weak.

中文翻译：

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生育后美国夫妇收入平等的变化

在性别平等普遍增加和家庭生活多个方面的社会经济差距不断扩大的背景下，我们研究了为人父母后家庭内部收入平等的变化，以及教育对这些变化的影响程度。我们的分析依赖于丰富的调查和行政税务记录之间的联系，这些记录为美国 1980 年代至 2000 年代第一次生育的夫妻提供了从前两年到之后长达 10 年的高质量收入数据（收入和收入调查）计划参与综合 Beta 文件；N= 21,300 对夫妇和 194,100 对夫妇年）。考虑到随时间变化的夫妻特征以及年和年龄的固定效应，我们发现妻子在夫妻总收入中所占的份额在为人父母后大幅下降，并且在观察窗口内保持较低水平，与队列和教育无关。家庭内部收入平等的队列变化不大，并且集中在最早的父母队列中，而且数据几乎没有提供证据表明受教育的差异变化。这些发现对女性的经济脆弱性有影响，尤其是在美国，那里离婚仍然很普遍，而且公众对家庭的支持很薄弱。