The rising global population is inducing a fast increase in the amount of municipal waste and, in turn, issues of rising cost and environmental pollution. Therefore, alternative treatments such as waste-to-energy should be developed in the context of the circular economy. Here, we review the conversion of municipal solid waste into energy using thermochemical methods such as gasification, combustion, pyrolysis and torrefaction. Energy yield depends on operating conditions and feedstock composition. For instance, torrefaction of municipal waste at 200 °C generates a heating value of 33.01 MJ/kg, while the co-pyrolysis of cereals and peanut waste yields a heating value of 31.44 MJ/kg at 540 °C. Gasification at 800 °C shows higher carbon conversion for plastics, of 94.48%, than for waste wood and grass pellets, of 70–75%. Integrating two or more thermochemical treatments is actually gaining high momentum due to higher energy yield. We also review reforming catalysts to enhance dihydrogen production, such as nickel on support materials such as CaTiO₃, SrTiO₃, BaTiO₃, Al₂O₃, TiO₃, MgO, ZrO₂. Techno-economic analysis, sensitivity analysis and life cycle assessment are discussed.

不断增长的全球人口导致城市垃圾数量快速增加，进而引发成本上升和环境污染问题。因此，应在循环经济的背景下开发垃圾发电等替代处理方法。在这里，我们回顾了使用热化学方法（如气化、燃烧、热解和烘焙）将城市固体废物转化为能源的过程。能量产量取决于操作条件和原料组成。例如，城市垃圾在 200 °C 下的烘焙产生的热值为 33.01 MJ/kg，而谷物和花生废弃物的共热解在 540 °C 下产生的热值为 31.44 MJ/kg。800°C 的气化表明，塑料的碳转化率为 94.48%，高于废弃木材和草粒的 70-75%。由于更高的能量产量，整合两种或多种热化学处理实际上正在获得高势头。我们还审查了重整催化剂以提高氢气产量，例如负载材料（如 CaTiO2）上的镍₃、SrTiO ₃、BaTiO ₃、Al ₂ O ₃、TiO ₃、MgO、ZrO ₂。讨论了技术经济分析、敏感性分析和生命周期评估。