Bullying victimization has been linked to an elevated risk of both internalizing and externalizing problems, yet the mechanisms underlying these associations, especially from the perspective of naturally occurring informal cliques, are not well understood. Based on two contrasting hypotheses from the healthy context paradox and the peer contagion hypothesis, the current 2-year longitudinal study (a) investigated the interaction effects of individual victimization (i.e., physical, verbal, and relational forms) and clique victimization norms on their reactive-proactive aggression and (b) examined whether they were distinct to these effects on depressive symptoms. Both self-reported and peer-nominated surveys were administrated to 691 junior high school students (55.6% boys; M_age = 12.74, SD = 0.43 years) who were identified from 153 cliques (M_size = 5.08, SD = 1.89) using a social cognitive map, at two time points 2 years apart. Multilevel modeling indicated that both physical and relational victims (except verbal victims) at baseline committed more reactive forms of aggression (not proactive forms) in cliques with lower victimization norms 2 years later. Similarly, physical victims in lower-victimization cliques reported more depressive symptoms 2 years later. Additionally, these significant results were found in self-reported forms of victimization, but not peer-nominated forms. These findings confirm the healthy context paradox in both individual internalizing and externalizing problems in clique contexts, and elaborate this paradox on different forms of victimization, which provide a more nuanced understanding and have important implications in the field of anti-bullying interventions.

欺凌受害与内化和外化问题的风险升高有关，但这些关联背后的机制，特别是从自然发生的非正式集团的角度来看，尚不清楚。基于来自健康情境悖论和同伴传染假设的两个对比假设，当前为期 2 年的纵向研究 (a) 调查了个体受害（即身体、语言和关系形式）和集团受害规范对他们的相互作用的影响。反应 - 主动攻击和（b）检查它们是否与这些对抑郁症状的影响不同。对 691 名初中学生（55.6% 男孩；M_年龄 = 12.74，SD  = 0.43 岁）从 153 个派系中确定（M_大小 = 5.08，SD = 1.89）使用社会认知地图，在相隔 2 年的两个时间点。多层次模型表明，在基线时，身体和关系受害者（言语受害者除外）在 2 年后在受害规范较低的派系中实施了更多的反应形式的攻击（不是主动形式）。同样，受害程度较低的群体中的身体受害者在 2 年后报告了更多的抑郁症状。此外，这些显着结果是在自我报告的受害形式中发现的，而不是在同行提名的形式中发现的。这些发现证实了在集团背景下个人内化和外化问题的健康背景悖论，并详细阐述了不同形式的受害这一悖论，这提供了更细致入微的理解，并在反欺凌干预领域具有重要意义。