Understanding distinctions between morality and conventions is an important milestone in children's moral development. The current meta-analysis integrated decades of social domain theory research (Smetana, 2006; Turiel, 1983) on moral and conventional judgments from early to middle childhood. We examined 95 effect sizes from 18 studies (2,707 children; Mage = 7.30 years; 51% females; 42% Whites). Along with these, effects from additional 28 studies were estimated with imputed correlations in a secondary analysis of 248 effect sizes from 46 studies (4,469 children; Mage = 7.34 years; 46% females; 32% Whites). Across all judgments, moral/conventional distinction effects were significant, positive, and moderate. Consistent with social domain theory definitions of morality, children evaluated moral transgressions as more wrong independent of authorities' commands or rules than conventional transgressions and moral rules as more generalizable and inalterable than conventional rules. Moral transgressions also were seen as more unacceptable and more deserving of punishment than conventional transgressions. The aggregated effects were also significant for each type of judgment. However, effects were stronger for criteria considered definitional of the domains than for acceptability or punishment judgments, which are not considered criteria. Moreover, children made greater domain distinctions with age across all types of judgments. When examined separately, age moderated effects only for criterion judgments, not for acceptability or punishment judgments. Effects for distinctions also were moderated by the types of moral and conventional rules assessed. Thus, moral/conventional distinctions were found across early and middle childhood, but there was variability in children's developing understanding. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).

中文翻译：

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从早期到中期的道德和传统判断之间的区别：社会领域理论研究的荟萃分析。

了解道德与习俗之间的区别是儿童道德发展的一个重要里程碑。当前的荟萃分析整合了几十年的社会领域理论研究（Smetana，2006；Turiel，1983），关于从早期到中期的道德和传统判断。我们检查了 18 项研究的 95 种效应量（2,707 名儿童；法师 = 7.30 岁；51% 女性；42% 白人）。除此之外，在对 46 项研究（4,469 名儿童；法师 = 7.34 岁；46% 女性；32% 白人）的 248 项效应量进行二次分析时，估计了另外 28 项研究的效应与估算的相关性。在所有判断中，道德/传统区别效应是显着的、积极的和适度的。符合社会领域理论对道德的定义，孩子们认为，独立于权威命令或规则的道德违规行为比传统的违规行为更错误，而道德规则比传统的规则更具有普遍性和不可更改性。与传统的违法行为相比，道德违法行为也被视为更不可接受和更应受到惩罚。每种判断的综合影响也很显着。然而，对于被认为是领域定义的标准，效果比对不被视为标准的可接受性或惩罚性判断更强。此外，儿童在所有类型的判断中随着年龄的增长而做出更大的领域差异。当单独检查时，年龄仅对标准判断有调节作用，而不是对可接受性或惩罚性判断。对区分的影响也受到评估的道德和传统规则类型的影响。因此，在儿童早期和中期发现了道德/传统的区别，但儿童的发展理解存在差异。（PsycInfo 数据库记录 (c) 2022 APA，保留所有权利）。