In this paper, we incorporate the dynamical process of frequency control in modeling cascading failure and assessing the robustness of power systems with a high level of penetration of renewable energy sources. Triggered by an initial failure, a power system may be decomposed into multiple subnetworks, where the power imbalance between generation and load can be induced. Frequency control functions including primary, secondary, and emergency frequency control are employed to reduce the frequency deviation to balance the generated power and consumed power. In our simulation model, the power flow process maintains power balance in the steady-state, and a power redistribution process is triggered each time the network changes with the next failure event. The process reiterates until no overloaded component is generated. In the dynamical frequency control process, we differentiate the traditional synchronous machine-based generators from the renewable energy sources that are integrated with power electronic devices and exhibit low inertia. As power electronics integrated renewable sources do not contribute to frequency response, they can be disconnected from the grid due to unexpected frequency deviation. Applying to the IEEE 39-bus power test system, our model captures the salient frequency response process in a failure propagation chain similar to historical scenarios. The frequency deviation is found to increase with the percentage of integrated renewable energy sources, intensifying the cascading failure events. Furthermore, using the IEEE 300-bus test system, we show an increased risk of power outage as the level of penetration of renewable sources increases in the absence of an adequate protective measure.

中文翻译：

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可再生能源高渗透率对现代电力系统连锁故障的影响

在本文中，我们将频率控制的动态过程纳入级联故障建模和评估具有高水平可再生能源渗透的电力系统的鲁棒性。由初始故障触发，电力系统可能会分解为多个子网，在这些子网中会导致发电和负载之间的功率不平衡。采用一次、二次、应急频率控制等频率控制功能，减少频率偏差，平衡发电和消耗功率。在我们的仿真模型中，潮流过程在稳态下保持功率平衡，并且每次网络随着下一个故障事件发生变化时都会触发一个功率重新分配过程。该过程重复进行，直到没有生成重载组件。在动态频率控制过程中，我们将传统的基于同步电机的发电机与与电力电子设备集成并具有低惯性的可再生能源区分开来。由于电力电子集成的可再生能源对频率响应没有贡献，因此它们可能会由于意外的频率偏差而与电网断开连接。应用于 IEEE 39 总线功率测试系统，我们的模型捕获了类似于历史场景的故障传播链中的显着频率响应过程。发现频率偏差随着集成可再生能源的百分比而增加，加剧了级联故障事件。此外，使用 IEEE 300 总线测试系统，