Variable definitions of pseudoparalysis have been used in the literature. Recent systematic reviews and biomechanical studies call for a grading of loss of force couple balance and the use of the terms 'pseudoparesis' and 'pseudoparalysis'. Pain should be excluded as the cause of loss of active function. Key players for loss of force couple balance seem to be the lower subscapularis as an anterior inferior checkrein and the teres minor as a posterior inferior fulcrum. Loss of three out of five muscle-tendon units counting upper and lower subscapularis separately is predictive of pseudoparalysis. Shoulder equator concept: loss of all three posterior, or all three superior, or all three anterior muscle-tendon units is predictive of pseudoparalysis (loss of fulcrum for deltoid force). Every effort should be made to prevent propagation of rotator cuff tears into the subscapularis and posterior rotator cuff (infraspinatus and teres minor) to maintain force couple balance (value of partial cuff repair). Clinical assessment of active forward elevation, active external rotation, and active internal rotation is important to define and grade the severity of loss of force couple balance. Additional features such as patient age, traumatic aetiology, chronicity, fatty infiltration, and stage of cuff tear arthropathy are useful for a specific diagnosis with implications for treatment.

中文翻译：

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了解肩部假性麻痹：第一部分：诊断的定义。

文献中使用了假性麻痹的可变定义。最近的系统评价和生物力学研究要求对力偶平衡的丧失进行分级，并使用术语“假性麻痹”和“假性麻痹”。应排除疼痛作为活动功能丧失的原因。力偶平衡丧失的关键因素似乎是肩胛下肌下部作为前下检查，小圆肌作为后下支点。分别计算上肩胛下肌和下肩胛下肌的五分之三的肌肉肌腱单位的损失预示着假性麻痹。肩部赤道概念：所有三个后部，或所有三个上部，或所有三个前部肌肉肌腱单位的丧失都预示着假性麻痹（三角肌力量支点的丧失）。应尽一切努力防止肩袖撕裂蔓延到肩胛下肌和后肩袖（冈下肌和小圆肌），以保持力偶平衡（部分袖带修复的价值）。主动向前抬高、主动外旋和主动内旋的临床评估对于定义和分级力偶平衡丧失的严重程度非常重要。其他特征，例如患者年龄、创伤性病因、慢性病、脂肪浸润和袖带撕裂关节病的阶段，对于具有治疗意义的特定诊断是有用的。主动内旋对于定义和分级力偶平衡丧失的严重程度很重要。其他特征，例如患者年龄、创伤性病因、慢性病、脂肪浸润和袖带撕裂关节病的阶段，对于具有治疗意义的特定诊断是有用的。主动内旋对于定义和分级力偶平衡丧失的严重程度很重要。其他特征，例如患者年龄、创伤性病因、慢性病、脂肪浸润和袖带撕裂关节病的阶段，对于具有治疗意义的特定诊断是有用的。