Factors driving freshwater salinization syndrome (FSS) influence the severity of impacts and chances for recovery. We hypothesize that spread of FSS across ecosystems is a function of interactions among five state factors: human activities, geology, flowpaths, climate, and time. (1) Human activities drive pulsed or chronic inputs of salt ions and mobilization of chemical contaminants. (2) Geology drives rates of erosion, weathering, ion exchange, and acidification-alkalinization. (3) Flowpaths drive salinization and contaminant mobilization along hydrologic cycles. (4) Climate drives rising water temperatures, salt stress, and evaporative concentration of ions and saltwater intrusion. (5) Time influences consequences, thresholds, and potentials for ecosystem recovery. We hypothesize that state factors advance FSS in distinct stages, which eventually contribute to failures in systems-level functions (supporting drinking water, crops, biodiversity, infrastructure, etc.). We present future research directions for protecting freshwaters at risk based on five state factors and stages from diagnosis to prognosis to cure.

中文翻译：

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五种状态因素控制淡水盐化综合征的进展阶段

导致淡水盐化综合征 (FSS) 的因素会影响影响的严重程度和恢复机会。我们假设 FSS 在生态系统中的传播是五个状态因素之间相互作用的函数：人类活动、地质、流路、气候和时间。(1)人类活动驱动盐离子的脉冲或慢性输入和化学污染物的移动。(2)地质驱动侵蚀、风化、离子交换和酸碱化的速度。(3)流道沿着水文循环驱动盐化和污染物流动。(4)气候导致水温上升、盐胁迫、离子蒸发浓度和盐水入侵。(5)时间影响生态系统恢复的后果、阈值和潜力。我们假设国家因素在不同阶段推进 FSS，最终导致系统级功能（支持饮用水、农作物、生物多样性、基础设施等）的失败。我们根据五个状态因素以及从诊断到预后到治愈的各个阶段，提出了保护面临风险的淡水的未来研究方向。