Earthworms, which contribute to important soil functions, suffer from intensive agriculture. Their response depends among other things on the earthworm ecological group (anecic, endogeic, epigeic) and the combination of the applied farming practices. To advice on methodological adaptations that enhance earthworm-mediated soil functions, effects of different practices on earthworms need to be studied in concert. We investigated the effects of tillage intensity (conventional, reduced, no tillage) and crop rotation diversity (simple = wheat, barley; diverse = wheat, peas, oil seed rape) on earthworm density and community composition in a Swedish long-term experiment. Furthermore, we calculated annual earthworm bioturbation to quantify the effects of farming practices on earthworm functions. Total earthworm densities did not vary between the different tillage intensities, but were on average 58% higher in the diverse than in the simple crop rotation. The pattern was mainly due to the response of the most abundant endogeic earthworms, which were not affected by tillage intensity, but were nearly two times more abundant in the diverse than in the simple crop rotation. Densities of anecic earthworms were 17 times higher under no tillage than conventional tillage. Anecic earthworms also benefitted from a diversified crop rotation, but the response depended on tillage intensity. The level of bioturbation reflected the response of anecic earthworms, and was more than four times higher under no tillage, 549 g dw m⁻² year⁻¹, than under conventional tillage. We conclude that highest earthworm bioturbation is best achieved with no tillage. However, earthworm densities and potentially bioturbation can be increased also by a diversified crop rotation, when reducing tillage intensity is not feasible.

蚯蚓对重要的土壤功能有贡献，但它们遭受集约化农业的困扰。他们的反应取决于蚯蚓生态群（消炎、内生、表生）和应用农业实践的组合。为了就增强蚯蚓介导的土壤功能的方法调整提供建议，需要共同研究不同做法对蚯蚓的影响。我们在瑞典的一项长期实验中调查了耕作强度（常规、减少、免耕）和作物轮作多样性（简单 = 小麦、大麦；多样化 = 小麦、豌豆、油菜）对蚯蚓密度和群落组成的影响。此外，我们计算了每年的蚯蚓生物扰动，以量化耕作方式对蚯蚓功能的影响。蚯蚓的总密度在不同耕作强度之间没有变化，但在不同耕作强度下平均比在简单轮作中高出 58%。这种模式主要是由于最丰富的内生蚯蚓的反应，它们不受耕作强度的影响，但在多样性中的数量是简单轮作的近两倍。在免耕条件下，无毛蚯蚓的密度是常规耕作的 17 倍。Anecic 蚯蚓也受益于多样化的轮作，但反应取决于耕作强度。生物扰动水平反映了蚯蚓的反应，在免耕条件下高出四倍以上，549 g dw m 这种模式主要是由于最丰富的内生蚯蚓的反应，它们不受耕作强度的影响，但在多样性中的数量是简单轮作的近两倍。在免耕条件下，无毛蚯蚓的密度是常规耕作的 17 倍。Anecic 蚯蚓也受益于多样化的轮作，但反应取决于耕作强度。生物扰动水平反映了蚯蚓的反应，在免耕条件下高出四倍以上，549 g dw m 这种模式主要是由于最丰富的内生蚯蚓的反应，它们不受耕作强度的影响，但在多样性中的数量是简单轮作的近两倍。在免耕条件下，无毛蚯蚓的密度是常规耕作的 17 倍。Anecic 蚯蚓也受益于多样化的轮作，但反应取决于耕作强度。生物扰动水平反映了蚯蚓的反应，在免耕条件下高出四倍以上，549 g dw m Anecic 蚯蚓也受益于多样化的轮作，但反应取决于耕作强度。生物扰动水平反映了蚯蚓的反应，在免耕条件下高出四倍以上，549 g dw m Anecic 蚯蚓也受益于多样化的轮作，但反应取决于耕作强度。生物扰动水平反映了蚯蚓的反应，在免耕条件下高出四倍以上，549 g dw m^-2 年^-1，比在常规耕作下。我们得出结论，最高的蚯蚓生物扰动最好在不耕作的情况下实现。然而，当降低耕作强度不可行时，也可以通过多样化的轮作来增加蚯蚓密度和潜在的生物扰动。